Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review
Abstract
Gender differences in social anxiety disorder (SAD) have not received much empirical attention despite the large body of research on the disorder, and in contrast to significant literature about gender differences in other disorders such as depression or posttraumatic stress disorder. To address this gap, we comprehensively reviewed the literature regarding gender differences in eight domains of SAD: prevalence, clinical presentation, functioning and impairment, comorbidity, course, treatment seeking, physiological arousal, and the oxytocin system. Findings from the present review indicate that women are more likely to have SAD and report greater clinical severity. Notwithstanding, men with the disorder may seek treatment to a greater extent. According to the present review, the course of SAD seems to be similar for men and women, and findings regarding gender differences in functional impairment and comorbidity are inconclusive. We highlight areas requiring future research and discuss the findings in the context of a number of theoretical perspectives. We believe that further research and integration of scientific findings with existing theories is essential in order to increase our understanding and awareness of gender differences in SAD, thus facilitating gender-sensitive and specifically-tailored interventions for both men and women with the disorder.
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Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder have been shown to be higher in women than in men.
“This reflects the prevalence rates of SAD, which have been shown to be higher in women than in men [13].”
From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Females are disproportionately affected by internalizing disorders.
“Notably, IDs are highly comorbid [17–19] with females [20–23] and young people (i.e. <65 years) [8, 10, 17–19, 22, 24–29] disproportionately affected.”
The gender difference in SAD prevalence may have been highlighted by the age group under study, as gender differences in SAD prevalence are greatest among adolescents and seem to diminish along the course of life.
“This gender difference may have been highlighted by the age group under study, as some studies have shown that gender differences in the prevalence of SAD are greatest among adolescents and seem to diminish along the course of life (see [49] for a review).”
From The Prevalence of Adolescent Social Fears and Social Anxiety Disorder in School Contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
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BackgroundInfluentialWeight Shame, Social Connection, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence
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“A recent review by Asher et al. (2017) indicated a consistently higher prevalence of social anxiety disorder in females compared to males, and this difference might be greater among adolescents.”
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- Authors
- Asher, M., Asnaani, A., & Aderka, I. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aderka, Idan M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 56
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2617132254
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, gender differences, women, prevalence, clinical features, functional disability, comorbidities, clinical course, treatment seeking, physiological arousal, oxytocinergic system, gender-sensitive interventions
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Humans, Sex Characteristics
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