Females do not express learned helplessness like males do

Dalla, Christina; Edgecomb, Carol; Whetstone, Abigail S; Shors, Tracey J

doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301533

Cited by 174Stress Responses and CortisolNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Females do not express learned helplessness like males do

Dalla, Christina, Edgecomb, Carol, Whetstone, Abigail S, Shors, Tracey J·2008·Neuropsychopharmacology

DOI 10.1038/sj.npp.1301533

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Abstract

Women are more likely than men to suffer from stress-related mental disorders, such as depression. In the present experiments, we identified sex differences in one of the most common animal models of depression, that of learned helplessness. Male and female rats were trained to escape a mild footshock each day for 7 days (controllable stress). Each rat was yoked to another rat that could not escape (uncontrollable stress), but was exposed to the same amount of shock. One day later, all stressed rats and unstressed controls were tested on a more difficult escape task in a different context. Most males exposed to uncontrollable stress did not learn to escape and were therefore helpless. In contrast, most females did learn to escape on the more difficult escape task, irrespective of whether they had been exposed to controllable or uncontrollable stress. The sex differences in helplessness behavior were not dependent on the presence of sex hormones in adulthood, because neither ovariectomy of females nor castration of males abolished them. The absence of helplessness in females was neither dependent on organizational effects of testosterone during the day of birth, because masculinized females did not express helplessness as adults. Thus, sex differences in helplessness behavior are independent of gonadal hormones in adulthood and testosterone exposure during perinatal development. Learned helplessness may not constitute a valid model for depressive behavior in women, at least as reflected by the response of female rats to operant conditioning procedures after stressful experience.

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The influence of gender and the estrous cycle on learned helplessness in the rat
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Neurogenesis and Helplessness Are Mediated by Controllability in Males But Not in Females
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Self-citation
Sex-Dependent Effects of Prenatal Stress on Learned Helplessness and Anxiety-Related Behaviours in Wistar Rats
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Strain, sex, and open-field behavior: Factors underlying the genetic susceptibility to helplessness
Padilla‐Tolentino, E., Barrett, D. W., Shumake, J., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.019 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Authors: Dalla, C., Edgecomb, C., Whetstone, A. S., & Shors, T. J.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Shors, Tracey J
ORCID: Dalla, Christina
Shors, Tracey J
Venue: Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2007-08-22
Volume: 33
Issue: 7
Pages: 1559-1569
ISSN: 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
1740-634X
DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301533
OpenAlex: W2030804316
Cited by: 174
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 3.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0444364)
National Institutes of Health (59970)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-59970, R01MH059970, 59970)
Division of Integrative Organismal Systems
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: learned helplessness, sex differences, depression, uncontrollable stress, escape learning, ovariectomy, castration, testosterone, gonadal hormones, female rats, animal models of depression
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Androgens, Animals, Avoidance Learning, Behavior, Animal, Castration, Conditioning, Operant, Disease Models, Animal, Electroshock, Escape Reaction, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Male, Reaction Time, Reinforcement Schedule, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological, Testosterone, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats

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Females do not express learned helplessness like males do

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