Controllable versus uncontrollable stressors bi-directionally modulate conditioned but not innate fear
Open accessAbstract
Fear conditioning and fear extinction play key roles in the development and treatment of anxiety-related disorders, yet there is little information concerning experiential variables that modulate these processes. Here we examined the impact of exposure to a stressor in a different environment on subsequent fear conditioning and extinction, and whether the degree of behavioral control that the subject has over the stressor is of importance. Rats received a session of either escapable (controllable) tail shock (ES), yoked inescapable (uncontrollable) tail shock (IS), or control treatment (home cage, HC) 7 days before fear conditioning in which a tone and foot shock were paired. Conditioning was measured 24 h later. In a second experiment rats received ES, IS or HC 24 h after contextual fear conditioning. Extinction then occurred every day beginning 7 days later until a criterion was reached. Spontaneous recovery of fear was assessed 14 days after extinction. IS potentiated fear conditioning when given before fear conditioning, and potentiated fear responding during extinction when given after conditioning. Importantly, ES potently interfered with later fear conditioning, decreased fear responding during fear extinction, and prevented spontaneous recovery of fear. Additionally, we examined if the activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) by ES is critical for the protective effects of ES on later fear conditioning. Inactivation of the mPFCv with muscimol at the time of the initial experience with control prevented ES-induced reductions in later contextual and auditory fear conditioning. Finally, we explored if the protective effects of ES extended to an unconditioned fear stimulus, ferret odor. Unlike conditioned fear, prior ES increased the fear response to ferret odor to the same degree as did IS.
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Prior rodent research has demonstrated that behavioral control over an aversive stimulus reduces Pavlovian threat responses, even when control is no longer possible, and involves the vmPFC and striatum.
“Prior rodent research has demonstrated that behavioral control over an aversive stimulus reduces Pavlovian threat responses, even when control is no longer possible, and involves the vmPFC and striatum (Baratta et al., 2007; Cain and LeDoux, 2007; Moscarello and LeDoux, 2013; Ramirez et al., 2015).”
From Active avoidance: Neural mechanisms and attenuation of pavlovian conditioned responding (2017) · cites this paper as Baratta et al., 2007
Our finding of a between-group difference in vmPFC BOLD signal during cue presentation in late Avoidance/Extinction and Retrieval (at an uncorrected threshold) is consistent with the rodent literature suggesting a key role for the vmPFC in avoidance learning and its subsequent behavioral consequences.
“Our finding of a between-group difference in vmPFC BOLD signal during cue presentation in late Avoidance/Extinction and Retrieval (at an uncorrected threshold) is also consistent with the rodent literature suggesting a key role for the vmPFC in avoidance learning and its subsequent behavioral consequences (Baratta et al., 2007; Moscarello and LeDoux, 2013).”
From Active avoidance: Neural mechanisms and attenuation of pavlovian conditioned responding (2017) · cites this paper as Baratta et al., 2007
Research in rats has suggested that vmPFC activity may mediate the persistent effects of behavioral control on reduction of Pavlovian responses.
“Research in rats has suggested that vmPFC activity may mediate the persistent effects of behavioral control on reduction of Pavlovian responses (Baratta et al., 2007; Moscarello and LeDoux, 2013).”
From Active avoidance: Neural mechanisms and attenuation of pavlovian conditioned responding (2017) · cites this paper as Baratta et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Baratta, M. V., Christianson, J. P., Gomez, D. M., Zarza, C. M., Amat, J., Masini, C. V., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1495-1503
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1978104
- OpenAlex
- W2078066808
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH050479, R37MH050479, MH 075213, F31MH075213, R01MH050479)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, fear extinction, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, muscimol inactivation, contextual fear, auditory fear, innate fear, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Classical, Electroshock, Escape Reaction, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Helplessness, Learned, Male, Muscimol, Stress, Physiological, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, GABA Agonists, Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, Rats
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