Visualizing DNA folding and RNA in embryos at single-cell resolution
Open accessAbstract
The establishment of cell types during development requires precise interactions between genes and distal regulatory sequences. We have a limited understanding of how these interactions look in three dimensions, vary across cell types in complex tissue, and relate to transcription. Here we describe optical reconstruction of chromatin architecture (ORCA), a method that can trace the DNA path in single cells with nanoscale accuracy and genomic resolution reaching two kilobases. We used ORCA to study a Hox gene cluster in cryosectioned Drosophila embryos and labelled around 30 RNA species in parallel. We identified cell-type-specific physical borders between active and Polycomb-repressed DNA, and unexpected Polycomb-independent borders. Deletion of Polycomb-independent borders led to ectopic enhancer-promoter contacts, aberrant gene expression, and developmental defects. Together, these results illustrate an approach for high-resolution, single-cell DNA domain analysis in vivo, identify domain structures that change with cell identity, and show that border elements contribute to the formation of physical domains in Drosophila.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The frequency of enhancer-promoter contacts may have non-linear effects on transcriptional output.
“It also follows from these models that the frequency of enhancer–promoter contacts may have non-linear effects on transcriptional output, consistent with experimental observations [405, 503].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [503]
In “Cis contacts predict transcription” (page unavailable), the paper reports that enhancer–promoter proximity weakly predicts whether nascent transcription is present. It does not establish how contact frequency affects the amount of transcription or show a non-linear relationship, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdvances in super-resolution imaging enable visualisation of multiple interacting loci to the resolution of a few kilobases in single cells.
“advances in super-resolution imaging (reviewed in [500]) now enable the visualisation of multiple interacting loci to the resolution of a few kilobases in single cells [448, 501–503].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [503]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2008) · Journal of Machine Learning Research · Cited by 33,051 · see citing works
(1996) · Cited by 20,179 · see citing works
A 3D Map of the Human Genome at Kilobase Resolution Reveals Principles of Chromatin Looping
Rao, S. S. P., Huntley, M. H., Durand, N. C., Stamenova, E. K., Bochkov, I. D., Robinson, J. T., Sanborn, A. L., Machol, I., Omer, A. D., Lander, E. S., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.021 · Cited by 9,212 · see citing works
Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions
Dixon, J. R., Selvaraj, S., Yue, F., Kim, A., Li, Y., Shen, Y., Hu, M., Liu, J. S., & Ren, B. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11082 · Cited by 6,829 · see citing works
A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila
Lewis, E. B. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/276565a0 · Cited by 3,813 · see citing works
Spatially resolved, highly multiplexed RNA profiling in single cells
Chen, K. H., Boettiger, A. N., Moffitt, J. R., Wang, S., & Zhuang, X. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa6090 · Cited by 2,969 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial partitioning of the regulatory landscape of the X-inactivation centre
Nora, E. P., Lajoie, B. R., Schulz, E. G., Giorgetti, L., Okamoto, I., Servant, N., Piolot, T., van Berkum, N. L., Meisig, J., Sedat, J., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11049 · Cited by 2,895 · see citing works
Three-dimensional folding and functional organization principles of the Drosophila genome
Sexton, T., Yaffe, E., Kenigsberg, E., Bantignies, F., Leblanc, B., Hoichman, M., Parrinello, H., Tanay, A., & Cavalli, G. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.010 · Cited by 1,983 · see citing works
Highly inclined thin illumination enables clear single-molecule imaging in cells
Tokunaga, M., Imamoto, N., & Sakata-Sogawa, K. (2008) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth1171 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Multiscale 3D Genome Rewiring during Mouse Neural Development
Bonev, B., Mendelson Cohen, N., Szabo, Q., Fritsch, L., Papadopoulos, G. L., Lubling, Y., Xu, X., Lv, X., Hugnot, J.-P., Tanay, A., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.043 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Identification of Functional Elements and Regulatory Circuits by Drosophila modENCODE
Roy, S., Ernst, J., Kharchenko, P. V., Kheradpour, P., Negre, N. N., Eaton, M. L., Landolin, J. M., Bristow, C. A., Ma, L., Lin, M. F., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198374 · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Organizational principles of 3D genome architecture
Rowley, M. J., & Corces, V. G. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0060-8 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
Super-resolution chromatin tracing reveals domains and cooperative interactions in single cells
Bintu, B., Mateo, L. J., Su, J.-H., Sinnott-Armstrong, N. A., Parker, M., Kinrot, S., Yamaya, K., Boettiger, A. N., & Zhuang, X. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau1783 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Self-citationEver-Changing Landscapes: Transcriptional Enhancers in Development and Evolution
Long, H. K., Prescott, S. L., & Wysocka, J. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.018 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Super-resolution imaging reveals distinct chromatin folding for different epigenetic states
Boettiger, A. N., Bintu, B., Moffitt, J. R., Wang, S. S., Beliveau, B. J., Fudenberg, G., Imakaev, M., Mirny, L. A., Wu, C.-T., & Zhuang, X. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16496 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural variation in the 3D genome
Spielmann, M., Lupiáñez, D. G., & Mundlos, S. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0007-0 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Developmental enhancers and chromosome topology
Furlong, E. E. M., & Levine, M. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau0320 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Chambeyron, S., & Bickmore, W. A. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.292104 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Spatial organization of chromatin domains and compartments in single chromosomes
Wang, S., Su, J.-H., Beliveau, B. J., Bintu, B., Moffitt, J. R., Wu, C.-T., & Zhuang, X. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf8084 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Moffitt, J. R., Hao, J., Wang, G., Chen, K. H., Babcock, H. P., & Zhuang, X. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1612826113 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Eskeland, R., Leeb, M., Grimes, G. R., Kress, C., Boyle, S., Sproul, D., Gilbert, N., Fan, Y., Skoultchi, A. I., Wutz, A., et al. (2010) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.032 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
The dynamics of gene expression in vertebrate embryogenesis at single-cell resolution
Briggs, J., Weinreb, C., Wagner, D. E., Megason, S. G., Peshkin, L., Kirschner, M. W., & Klein, A. M. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar5780 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Enhancer loops appear stable during development and are associated with paused polymerase
Ghavi-Helm, Y., Klein, F. A., Pakozdi, T., Ciglar, L., Noordermeer, D., Huber, W., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13417 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Evolutionarily Conserved Principles Predict 3D Chromatin Organization
Rowley, M. J., Nichols, M. H., Lyu, X., Ando‐Kuri, M., Rivera, S., Hermetz, K. E., Wang, P., Ruan, Y., & Corces, V. G. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.07.022 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Narendra, V., Rocha, P. P., An, D., Raviram, R., Skok, J. A., Mazzoni, E. O., & Reinberg, D. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1262088 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Dynamic interplay between enhancer–promoter topology and gene activity
Chen, H., Levo, M., Barinov, L., Fujioka, M., Jaynes, J. B., & Gregor, T. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0175-z · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Looping Back to Leap Forward: Transcription Enters a New Era
Levine, M., Cattoglio, C., & Tjian, R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.009 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Versatile design and synthesis platform for visualizing genomes with Oligopaint FISH probes
Beliveau, B. J., Joyce, E. F., Apostolopoulos, N., Yilmaz, F., Fonseka, C. Y., McCole, R. B., Chang, Y. K., Li, J. B., Senaratne, T. N., Williams, B. R., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1213818110 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Functional and topological characteristics of mammalian regulatory domains
Symmons, O., Uslu, V. V., Tsujimura, T., Ruf, S., Nassari, S., Schwarzer, W., Ettwiller, L., & Spitz, F. (2014) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.163519.113 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Polycomb-dependent regulatory contacts between distant Hox loci in Drosophila
Bantignies, F., Roure, V., Comet, I., Leblanc, B., Schuettengruber, B., Bonnet, J., Tixier, V., Mas, A., & Cavalli, G. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.026 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
A Switch Between Topological Domains Underlies HoxD Genes Collinearity in Mouse Limbs
Andrey, G., Montavon, T., Mascrez, B., Gonzãlez, F., Noordermeer, D., Leleu, M., Trono, D., Spitz, F., & Duboule, D. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1234167 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Shadow Enhancers Foster Robustness of Drosophila Gastrulation
Perry, M. W., Boettiger, A. N., Bothma, J. P., & Levine, M. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.043 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscription-coupled changes in nuclear mobility of mammalian cis-regulatory elements
Gu, B., Swigut, T., Spencley, A., Bauer, M. R., Chung, M., Meyer, T., & Wysocka, J. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao3136 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Kundu, S., Ji, F., Sunwoo, H., Jain, G., Lee, J. T., Sadreyev, R. I., Dekker, J., & Kingston, R. E. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.01.009 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Moffitt, J. R., Hao, J., Bambah-Mukku, D., Lu, T., Dulac, C., & Zhuang, X. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617699113 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Static and Dynamic DNA Loops form AP-1-Bound Activation Hubs during Macrophage Development
Phanstiel, D. H., Van Bortle, K., Spacek, D., Hess, G. T., Shamim, M. S., Machol, I., Love, M. I., Aiden, E. L., Bassik, M. C., & Snyder, M. P. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.08.006 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Insulator function and topological domain border strength scale with architectural protein occupancy
Bortle, K. V., Nichols, M. H., Li, L., Ong, C., Takenaka, N., Qin, Z. S., & Corces, V. G. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-5-r82 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
TADs are 3D structural units of higher-order chromosome organization in Drosophila
Szabo, Q., Jost, D., Chang, J., Cattoni, D. I., Papadopoulos, G. L., Bonev, B., Sexton, T., Gurgo, J., Jacquier, C., Nöllmann, M., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar8082 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Walking along chromosomes with super-resolution imaging, contact maps, and integrative modeling
Nir, G., Farabella, I., Pérez Estrada, C., Ebeling, C. G., Beliveau, B. J., Sasaki, H. M., Lee, S. D., Nguyen, S. C., McCole, R. B., Chattoraj, S., et al. (2018) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007872 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Cardozo Gizzi, A. M., Cattoni, D. I., Fiche, J.-B., Espinola, S. M., Gurgo, J., Messina, O., Houbron, C., Ogiyama, Y., Papadopoulos, G. L., Cavalli, G., et al. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.011 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Symmons, O., Pan, L., Remeseiro, S., Aktas, T., Klein, F., Huber, W., & Spitz, F. (2016) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.015 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Gyurkovics, H., Gausz, J., Kummer, J., & Karch, F. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07439.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The ABC of the BX-C: the bithorax complex explained
Maeda, R. K., & Karch, F. (2006) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.02323 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Dynamic 3D chromatin architecture contributes to enhancer specificity and limb morphogenesis
Kragesteen, B. K., Spielmann, M., Paliou, C., Heinrich, V., Schöpflin, R., Esposito, A., Annunziatella, C., Bianco, S., Chiariello, A. M., Jerković, I., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0221-x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
A high-density 3D localization algorithm for stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Babcock, H. P., Sigal, Y. M., & Zhuang, X. (2012) · Optical Nanoscopy · doi:10.1186/2192-2853-1-6 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
CTCF-mediated topological boundaries during development foster appropriate gene regulationPreprint
Narendra, V. K., Bulajić, M., Dekker, J., Mazzoni, E. O., & Reinberg, D. (2016) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.288324.116 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Cattoni, D. I., Gizzi, A. M. C., Georgieva, M., Stefano, M. D., Valeri, A., Chamousset, D., Houbron, C., Déjardin, S., Fiche, J.-B., González, I., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01962-x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
<i>Shh</i> and ZRS enhancer colocalisation is specific to the zone of polarising activity
Williamson, I., Lettice, L. A., Hill, R. E., & Bickmore, W. A. (2016) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.139188 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
H3K27 modifications define segmental regulatory domains in the Drosophila bithorax complex
Bowman, S., Deaton, A. M., Domingues, H. G., Wang, P. I., Sadreyev, R. I., Kingston, R. E., & Bender, W. W. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.02833 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
In Situ Super-Resolution Imaging of Genomic DNA with OligoSTORM and OligoDNA-PAINT
Beliveau, B. J., Boettiger, A. N., Nir, G., Bintu, B., Yin, P., Zhuang, X., & Wu, C.-T. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_19 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationBartholomew, N. R., Burdett, J., VandenBrooks, J. M., Quinlan, M. C., & Call, G. B. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep15298 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The open for business model of the bithorax complex in Drosophila
Maeda, R. K., & Karch, F. (2015) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/s00412-015-0522-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cooperativity, Specificity, and Evolutionary Stability of Polycomb Targeting in Drosophila
Schuettengruber, B., Elkayam, N. O., Sexton, T., Entrevan, M., Stern, S., Thomas, A., Yaffe, E., Parrinello, H., Tanay, A., & Cavalli, G. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.072 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
P element homing to the Drosophila bithorax complex
Bender, W. W., & Hudson, A. M. (2000) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.127.18.3981 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chapter 1 The Bithorax Complex of Drosophila
Maeda, R. K., & Karch, F. (2009) · Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(09)88001-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Nanoscale spatial organization of the HoxD gene cluster in distinct transcriptional states
Fabre, P. J., Benke, A., Joye, E., Huynh, T. H. N., Manley, S., & Duboule, D. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1517972112 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Genome Organization and Function in Drosophila
Schwartz, Y. B., & Cavalli, G. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.115.185132 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
REDfly: the transcriptional regulatory element database for Drosophila
Rivera, J., Keränen, S. V. E., Gallo, S. M., & Halfon, M. S. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky957 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cheutin, T., & Cavalli, G. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05945-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gambetta, M. C., & Furlong, E. E. M. (2018) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.118.301350 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The boundary paradox in the Bithorax complex
Kyrchanova, O., Mogila, V., Wolle, D. G., Magbanua, J. P., White, R. A., Georgiev, P. G., & Schedl, P. D. (2015) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/j.mod.2015.07.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bender, W. W., & Lucas, M. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.146340 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [59]Ester M, Kriegel H-P, Sander J & Xu X A Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters. KDD-96 Proceedings 226– 231 (1996).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics
Vandereyken, K., Sifrim, A., Thienpont, B., & Voet, T. (2023) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00580-2 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
The Self-Organizing Genome: Principles of Genome Architecture and Function
Misteli, T. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.014 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Genome-Scale Imaging of the 3D Organization and Transcriptional Activity of Chromatin
Su, J.-H., Zheng, P., Kinrot, S. S., Bintu, B., & Zhuang, X. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.032 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Spatial profiling technologies illuminate the tumor microenvironment
Elhanani, O., Ben-Uri, R., & Keren, L. (2023) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2023.01.010 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Integrated spatial genomics reveals global architecture of single nuclei
Takei, Y., Yun, J., Zheng, S., Ollikainen, N., Pierson, N. G., White, J. A., Shah, S., Thomassie, J., Suo, S., Eng, C.-H. L., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03126-2 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
The emerging landscape of spatial profiling technologies
Moffitt, J. R., Lundberg, E., & Heyn, H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00515-3 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Understanding 3D genome organization by multidisciplinary methods
Jerković, I., & Cavalli, G. (2021) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00362-w · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Single-cell multimodal omics: the power of many
Zhu, C., Preissl, S., & Ren, B. (2020) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0691-5 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
On the existence and functionality of topologically associating domains
Beagan, J. A., & Phillips‐Cremins, J. E. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0561-1 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The relationship between genome structure and function
Oudelaar, A. M., & Higgs, D. R. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00303-x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Deciphering the multi-scale, quantitative cis-regulatory code
Kim, S., & Wysocka, J. (2023) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.032 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Molecular basis and biological function of variability in spatial genome organization
Finn, E. H., & Misteli, T. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw9498 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Cohesin and CTCF control the dynamics of chromosome folding
Mach, P., Kos, P. I., Zhan, Y., Cramard, J., Gaudin, S., Tünnermann, J., Marchi, E., Eglinger, J., Zuin, J., Kryzhanovska, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01232-7 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
El Khattabi, L., Zhao, H., Kalchschmidt, J., Young, N., Jung, S., Van Blerkom, P., Kieffer-Kwon, P., Kieffer-Kwon, K.-R., Park, S., Wang, X., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.011 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Advances in spatial transcriptomic data analysisPreprint
Dries, R., Chen, J. G., Rossi, N. D., Khan, M. M., Sistig, A., & Yuan, G. (2021) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.275224.121 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Spatially resolved single-cell genomics and transcriptomics by imaging
Zhuang, X. (2021) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-020-01037-8 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Transcription in Living Cells: Molecular Mechanisms of Bursting
Rodriguez, J., & Larson, D. R. (2020) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-011520-105250 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
McCord, R. P., Kaplan, N., & Giorgetti, L. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.12.021 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Interplay between Transcription Factors and the 3D Genome
Kim, S., & Shendure, J. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.08.010 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
In situ genome sequencing resolves DNA sequence and structure in intact biological samples
Payne, A. C., Chiang, Z., Reginato, P., Mangiameli, S. M., Murray, E. M., Yao, C., Markoulaki, S., Earl, A., Labade, A. S., Jaenisch, R., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay3446 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Stabilization of chromatin topology safeguards genome integrity
Ochs, F., Karemore, G., Miron, E., Brown, J. M., Polášek-Sedláčková, H., Rask, M., Lampe, M., Buckle, V. J., Schermelleh, L., Lukas, J., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1659-4 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Enhancer selectivity in space and time: from enhancer–promoter interactions to promoter activation
Yang, J. H., & Hansen, A. S. (2024) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-024-00710-6 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Huang, H., Zhu, Q., Jussila, A., Han, Y., Bintu, B., Kern, C., Conte, M., Zhang, Y., Bianco, S., Chiariello, A. M., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00863-6 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Espinola, S. M., Götz, M., Bellec, M., Messina, O., Fiche, J.-B., Houbron, C., Dejean, M., Reim, I., Cardozo Gizzi, A. M., Lagha, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00816-z · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Direct observation of a condensate effect on super-enhancer controlled gene bursting
Du, M., Stitzinger, S. H., Spille, J.-H., Cho, W., Lee, C., Hijaz, M., Quintana, A., & Cissé, I. I. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.005 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
How subtle changes in 3D structure can create large changes in transcription
Xiao, J. Y., Hafner, A., & Boettiger, A. N. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.64320 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationOtterstrom, J., Castells-García, Á., Vicario, C., Gómez-García, P. A., Cosma, M. P., & Lakadamyali, M. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz593 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Independence of chromatin conformation and gene regulation during Drosophila dorsoventral patterning
Ing-Simmons, E., Vaid, R., Bing, X. Y., Levine, M., Mannervik, M., & Vaquerizas, J. M. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00799-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The spatial organization of transcriptional control
Hafner, A., & Boettiger, A. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00526-0 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationLifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine
Rajewsky, N., Almouzni, G., Gorski, S. A., Aerts, S., Amit, I., Bertero, M. G., Bock, C., Bredenoord, A. L., Cavalli, G., Chiocca, S., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2715-9 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
High-throughput single-сell sequencing in cancer research
Jia, Q., Chu, H., Jin, Z., Long, H., & Zhu, B. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00990-4 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Karr, J. P., Ferrie, J. J., Tjian, R., & Darzacq, X. (2021) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.349160.121 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
3D mapping and accelerated super-resolution imaging of the human genome using in situ sequencing
Nguyen, H. Q., Chattoraj, S., Castillo, D., Nguyen, S. C., Nir, G., Lioutas, A., Hershberg, E. A., Martins, N. M. C., Reginato, P., Hannan, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-020-0890-0 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Uyehara, C. M., & Apostolou, E. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112068 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Highly specific multiplexed RNA imaging in tissues with split-FISH
Goh, J. J. L., Chou, N., Seow, W. Y., Ha, N., Cheng, C. P. P., Chang, Y., Zhao, Z., & Chen, K. H. (2020) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-020-0858-0 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Loop stacking organizes genome folding from TADs to chromosomes
Hafner, A., Park, M., Berger, S. E., Murphy, S. E., Nora, E. P., & Boettiger, A. N. (2023) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.008 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Chromatin Imaging at Kilobase-Scale Resolution
Boettiger, A. N., & Murphy, S. E. (2020) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2019.12.010 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic Competition of Polycomb and Trithorax in Transcriptional Programming
Kuroda, M. I., Kang, H., De, S., & Kassis, J. A. (2020) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-120219-103641 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Single-cell nuclear architecture across cell types in the mouse brain
Takei, Y., Zheng, S., Yun, J., Shah, S., Pierson, N. G., White, J. A., Schindler, S., Tischbirek, C. H., Yuan, G., & Cai, L. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj1966 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
RNA polymerase II dynamics shape enhancer–promoter interactions
Barshad, G., Lewis, J. J., Chivu, A. G., Abuhashem, A., Krietenstein, N., Rice, E. J., Ma, Y., Wang, Z., Rando, O. J., Hadjantonakis, A., et al. (2023) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01442-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The chromosome folding problem and how cells solve it
Dekker, J., & Mirny, L. A. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.026 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Multiplexed imaging of nucleome architectures in single cells of mammalian tissue
Liu, M., Lu, Y., Yang, B., Chen, Y., Radda, J. S. D., Hu, M., Katz, S. G., & Wang, S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16732-5 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Transcription-mediated supercoiling regulates genome folding and loop formation
Neguembor, M. V., Martin, L., Castells-García, Á., Gómez-García, P. A., Vicario, C., Carnevali, D., Abed, J. A., Granados, A., Sebastián-Pérez, R., Sottile, F., et al. (2021) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.009 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Polycomb-mediated genome architecture enables long-range spreading of H3K27 methylation
Kraft, K., Yost, K. E., Murphy, S. E., Magg, A., Long, Y., Corces, M. R., Granja, J. M., Wittler, L., Mundlos, S., Cech, T. R., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201883119 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBelmont, A. S. (2021) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041268 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Chromatin expansion microscopy reveals nanoscale organization of transcription and chromatin
Pownall, M. E., Miao, L., Vejnar, C. E., M’Saad, O., Sherrard, A., Frederick, M. A., Benitez, M. D. J., Boswell, C. W., Zaret, K. S., Bewersdorf, J., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ade5308 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Spatial organization of transcribed eukaryotic genes
Leidescher, S., Ribisel, J., Ullrich, S., Feodorova, Y. N., Hildebrand, E. M., Galitsyna, A. A., Bultmann, S., Link, S., Thanisch, K., Mulholland, C. B., et al. (2022) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-022-00847-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Advances in bulk and single-cell multi-omics approaches for systems biology and precision medicine
Li, Y., Ma, L., Wu, D., & Chen, G. (2021) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbab024 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Popay, T. M., & Dixon, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102117 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Visualizing the genome in high resolution challenges our textbook understanding
Lakadamyali, M., & Cosma, M. P. (2020) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-020-0758-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Dekker, J., Alber, F., Aufmkolk, S., Beliveau, B. J., Bruneau, B. G., Belmont, A., Bintu, L., Boettiger, A., Calandrelli, R., Disteche, C., et al. (2023) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2023.06.018 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationTADs and their borders: free movement or building a wall?
Chang, L.-H., Ghosh, S., & Noordermeer, D. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.025 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Computational methods for analysing multiscale 3D genome organization
Zhang, Y., Boninsegna, L., Yang, M., Misteli, T., Alber, F., & Ma, J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-023-00638-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Large distances separate coregulated genes in living <i>Drosophila</i> embryos
Heist, T., Fukaya, T., & Levine, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1908962116 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The era of 3D and spatial genomics
Bouwman, B. A. M., Crosetto, N., & Bienko, M. (2022) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2022.05.010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Increased enhancer–promoter interactions during developmental enhancer activation in mammals
Chen, Z., Snetkova, V., Bower, G., Jacinto, S. H., Clock, B., Dizehchi, A., Barozzi, I., Mannion, B. J., Alcaina‐Caro, A., López-Rı́os, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01681-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
mSWI/SNF promotes Polycomb repression both directly and through genome-wide redistribution
Weber, C. M., Hafner, A., Kirkland, J. G., Braun, S. M. G., Stanton, B. Z., Boettiger, A. N., & Crabtree, G. R. (2021) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-021-00604-7 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters
Ray-Jones, H., & Spivakov, M. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-03903-w · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hershberg, E. A., Camplisson, C. K., Close, J., Attar, S., Chern, R., Liu, Y., Akilesh, S., Nicovich, P. R., & Beliveau, B. J. (2021) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-021-01187-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chromosome-level organization of the regulatory genome in the Drosophila nervous system
Mohana, G., Dorier, J., Li, X., Mouginot, M., Smith, R. C., Malek, H., Leleu, M., Rodríguez, D., Khadka, J., Rosa, P., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Wu, H., Zhang, J., Jian, F., Chen, J., Zheng, Y., Tan, L., & Xie, X. S. (2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02239-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Tracking and interpreting long-range chromatin interactions with super-resolution live-cell imaging
Brandão, H. B., Gabriele, M., & Hansen, A. S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2020.11.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Highly structured homolog pairing reflects functional organization of the Drosophila genome
Abed, J. A., Erceg, J., Goloborodko, A. A., Nguyen, S. C., McCole, R. B., Saylor, W., Fudenberg, G., Lajoie, B. R., Dekker, J., Mirny, L. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12208-3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chromatin Architecture in the Fly: Living without CTCF/Cohesin Loop Extrusion?
Matthews, N. E., & White, R. A. (2019) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201900048 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Tracing DNA paths and RNA profiles in cultured cells and tissues with ORCA
Mateo, L. J., Sinnott-Armstrong, N., & Boettiger, A. N. (2021) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-020-00478-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationGAGE-seq concurrently profiles multiscale 3D genome organization and gene expression in single cells
Zhou, T., Zhang, R., Jia, D., Doty, R. T., Munday, A. D., Gao, D., Xin, L., Abkowitz, J. L., Duan, Z., & Ma, J. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01745-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lamina-Dependent Stretching and Unconventional Chromosome Compartments in Early C. elegans Embryos
Sawh, A. N., Shafer, M. E. R., Su, J.-H., Zhuang, X., Wang, S. S., & Mango, S. E. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.02.006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Transcription factors: building hubs in the 3D space
Giammartino, D. C. D., Polyzos, A., & Apostolou, E. (2020) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2020.1805238 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Chen, L.-F., Long, H. K., Park, M., Swigut, T., Boettiger, A. N., & Wysocka, J. (2023) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2023.03.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationStripenn detects architectural stripes from chromatin conformation data using computer vision
Yoon, S., Chandra, A., & Vahedi, G. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29258-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cheutin, T., & Cavalli, G. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05945-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X., He, X.-H., Yang, C., Naseri, A., Pederson, T., Zheng, J., Zhang, S.-J., Xiao, X., et al. (2020) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02201-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Weak interactions in higher-order chromatin organization
Kantidze, O. L., & Razin, S. V. (2020) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa261 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cohesin: behind dynamic genome topology and gene expression reprogramming
Perea-Resa, C., Wattendorf, L., Marzouk, S., & Blower, M. D. (2021) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2021.03.005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Chang, L.-H., Ghosh, S., Papale, A., Luppino, J. M., Miranda, M., Piras, V., Degrouard, J., Edouard, J., Poncelet, M., Lecouvreur, N., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41265-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hung, T.-C., Kingsley, D. M., & Boettiger, A. N. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01641-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationEssential role of Cp190 in physical and regulatory boundary formation
Kaushal, A., Dorier, J., Wang, B., Mohana, G., Taschner, M., Cousin, P., Waridel, P., Iseli, C., Semenova, A., Restrepo, S., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl8834 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Enablers and challenges of spatial omics, a melting pot of technologies
Alexandrov, T., Sáez-Rodríguez, J., & Saka, S. K. (2023) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.202110571 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Spatial Organization of Chromatin: Emergence of Chromatin Structure During Development
Ghosh, R. P., & Meyer, B. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-032321-035734 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
An integrated view of the structure and function of the human 4D nucleome
Dekker, J., Oksuz, B. A., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Minsk, M. K., Kuang, S., Yang, L., Gibcus, J. H., Krietenstein, N., Rando, O. J., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09890-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mammalian Intestinal Development and Differentiation—The State of the Art
Kolev, H. M., & Kaestner, K. H. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.011 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Fast-acting chemical tools to delineate causality in transcriptional control
Jaeger, M. G., & Winter, G. E. (2021) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2021.02.015 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The genome-wide multi-layered architecture of chromosome pairing in early Drosophila embryos
Erceg, J., Abed, J. A., Goloborodko, A. A., Lajoie, B. R., Fudenberg, G., Abdennur, N. A., Imakaev, M., McCole, R. B., Nguyen, S. C., Saylor, W., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12211-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Advances in Chromatin and Chromosome Research: Perspectives from Multiple Fields
Agbleke, A. A., Amitai, A., Buenrostro, J. D., Chakrabarti, A., Chu, L., Hansen, A. S., Koenig, K. M., Labade, A. S., Liu, S., Nozaki, T., et al. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Higher-Order Chromosomal Structures Mediate Genome Function
Jerković, I., Szabo, Q., Bantignies, F., & Cavalli, G. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Defining Functionally Relevant Spatial Chromatin Domains: It is a TAD Complicated
Sikorska, N., & Sexton, T. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Woglar, A., Yamaya, K., Roelens, B., Boettiger, A. N., Köhler, S., & Villeneuve, A. M. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000817 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineering 3D genome organization
Wang, H., Han, M., & Qi, L. S. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00325-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A new precision medicine initiative at the dawn of exascale computing
Nussinov, R., Jang, H., Nir, G., Tsai, C., & Cheng, F. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00420-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dynamic 3D genome reorganization during senescence: defining cell states through chromatin
Shaban, H. A., & Gasser, S. M. (2023) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-023-01197-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The stochastic nature of genome organization and function
Sood, V., & Misteli, T. (2021) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
High-throughput Oligopaints identifies druggable 3D genome regulators
Park, D. S., Nguyen, S. C., Isenhart, R. L., Shah, P., Kim, W., Barnett, R. J., Chandra, A., Luppino, J. M., Harke, J., Wai, M., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06340-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The 3D Genome Structure of Single Cells
Zhou, T., Zhang, R., & Ma, J. (2021) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020121-084709 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
3D genome, on repeat: Higher-order folding principles of the heterochromatinized repetitive genome
Haws, S. A., Simándi, Z., Barnett, R. J., & Phillips‐Cremins, J. E. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.052 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Xu, H., Zhang, S., Yi, X., Plewczyński, D., & Li, M. J. (2020) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Reece, A. S., & Hulse, G. K. (2019) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2019.1633868 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Role of Insulation in Patterning Gene Expression
Özdemir, I., & Gambetta, M. C. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10100767 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The role of insulators and transcription in 3D chromatin organization of fliesPreprint
Chathoth, K. T., Mikheeva, L. A., Crevel, G., Wolfe, J. C., Hunter, I., Beckett-Doyle, S., Cotterill, S., Dai, H., Harrison, A., & Zabet, N. R. (2022) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.275809.121 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hu, M., Yang, B., Cheng, Y., Radda, J. S. D., Chen, Y., Liu, M., & Wang, S. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76439-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Murphy, S. E., & Boettiger, A. N. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01661-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Mateo, L. J., Murphy, S. E., Hafner, A., Cinquini, I. S., Walker, C. A., & Boettiger, A. N.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boettiger, Alistair N.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-03-18
- Volume
- 568
- Issue
- 7750
- Pages
- 49-54
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6556380
- OpenAlex
- W2921773684
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 19.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1dp2gm132935-01)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (DP2 GM132935)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- DNA folding, chromatin structure, polycomb repressive complex, Hox gene clusters, Drosophila embryo, enhancer-promoter interactions, RNA localization, developmental gene regulation, transcriptional repression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatin, DNA, Drosophila melanogaster, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Female, Genes, Homeobox, Multigene Family, Male, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Organ Specificity, Promoter Regions, Genetic, RNA, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genome, Insect, Single-Cell Analysis, Polycomb-Group Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review