Gram-scale bottom-up flash graphene synthesis
Abstract
Most bulk-scale graphene is produced by a top-down approach, exfoliating graphite, which often requires large amounts of solvent with high-energy mixing, shearing, sonication or electrochemical treatment 1-3. Although chemical oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide promotes exfoliation, it requires harsh oxidants and leaves the graphene with a defective perforated structure after the subsequent reduction step 3,4. Bottom-up synthesis of high-quality graphene is often restricted to ultrasmall amounts if performed by chemical vapour deposition or advanced synthetic organic methods, or it provides a defect-ridden structure if carried out in bulk solution 4-6. Here we show that flash Joule heating of inexpensive carbon sources-such as coal, petroleum coke, biochar, carbon black, discarded food, rubber tyres and mixed plastic waste-can afford gram-scale quantities of graphene in less than one second. The product, named flash graphene (FG) after the process used to produce it, shows turbostratic arrangement (that is, little order) between the stacked graphene layers. FG synthesis uses no furnace and no solvents or reactive gases. Yields depend on the carbon content of the source; when using a high-carbon source, such as carbon black, anthracitic coal or calcined coke, yields can range from 80 to 90 per cent with carbon purity greater than 99 per cent. No purification steps are necessary. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows a low-intensity or absent D band for FG, indicating that FG has among the lowest defect concentrations reported so far for graphene, and confirms the turbostratic stacking of FG, which is clearly distinguished from turbostratic graphite. The disordered orientation of FG layers facilitates its rapid exfoliation upon mixing during composite formation. The electric energy cost for FG synthesis is only about 7.2 kilojoules per gram, which could render FG suitable for use in bulk composites of plastic, metals, plywood, concrete and other building materials.
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The Luong team confirmed that flash Joule heating-produced flash graphene possesses the lowest defect concentration, with its turbostratic stacking structure enabling excellent exfoliation properties.
“The Luong team further confirmed that FJH-produced FG possesses the lowest defect concentration, with its turbostratic stacking structure enabling excellent exfoliation properties [54] .”
From Functional carbon materials from waste plastics: synthesis and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
The plastic is heated to high temperature in a short period of time, and most non-carbon atoms are removed through sublimation to obtain high-quality turbine layer flash graphene, with a yield of over 90%.
“The plastic is heated to high temperature in a short period of time, and most non-carbon atoms are removed through sublimation to obtain high-quality turbine layer flash graphene, with a yield of over 90% (Luong et al. 2020).”
From Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials (2023) · cites this paper as Luong et al. 2020
Flash Joule heating of polyethylene terephthalate, high- or low-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, and rubber tires in a quartz or ceramic tube at greater than 3000 K, ~400 V, less than 100 ms produces graphene with a carbon yield of 80-90 wt% (Luong et al., 2020).
“| Flash Joule heat- | Polyethylene tere- | Quartz or ceramic | Greater than 3000 | Graphene | 80-90 | Luong et al. (2020) |”
From Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials (2023) · cites this paper as Luong et al. (2020)
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Laminated Laser-Induced Graphene Composites
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Self-citationVan Der Waals Hybrid Integration of 2D Semimetals for Broadband Photodetection
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Self-citationPlastic wastes derived carbon materials for green energy and sustainable environmental applications
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Graphene Domain Signature of Raman Spectra of sp2 Amorphous Carbons
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Laser-induced graphene for bioelectronics and soft actuators
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Machine Learning Guided Synthesis of Flash Graphene
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Self-citationMillisecond Conversion of Metastable 2D Materials by Flash Joule Heating
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Self-citationMimicking nature to control bio-material surface wetting and adhesion
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Continuous and low-carbon production of biomass flash graphene
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High-temperature electrothermal remediation of multi-pollutants in soil
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Self-citationHigh-quality laser-assisted biomass-based turbostratic graphene for high-performance supercapacitors
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Upcycling of Waste Plastic into Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterials
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Sustainable Bioplastic Made from Biomass DNA and Ionomers
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A review on sustainable production of graphene and related life cycle assessment
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Synthesis of Clean Hydrogen Gas from Waste Plastic at Zero Net Cost
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Self-citationNH 3 Electrosynthesis from N 2 Molecules: Progresses, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
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Flash upcycling of waste glass fibre-reinforced plastics to silicon carbide
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Self-citationHigh-Resolution Laser-Induced Graphene from Photoresist
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Self-citationUltrafast and Controllable Phase Evolution by Flash Joule Heating
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Self-citationRapid self-heating synthesis of Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst for advanced oxidation
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Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials
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The Future of Flash Graphene for the Sustainable Management of Solid Waste
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Self-citationLaser‐Induced Graphene from Paper by Ultraviolet Irradiation: Humidity and Temperature Sensors
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Scalable high yield exfoliation for monolayer nanosheets
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Self-citationChemical recycling of PET to value-added products
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Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method
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Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Progress and Outlook
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Porous monoliths of 3D graphene for electric double‐layer supercapacitors
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Graphene as a Piezoresistive Material in Strain Sensing Applications
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Holey and Wrinkled Flash Graphene from Mixed Plastic Waste
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Self-citationGraphene nanocomposites: A review on processes, properties, and applications
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RetractedUpcycling end-of-life vehicle waste plastic into flash graphene
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Bioresource Upgrade for Sustainable Energy, Environment, and Biomedicine
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- Authors
- Luong, D. X., Bets, K. V., Algozeeb, W. A., Stanford, M. G., Kittrell, C., Chen, W., Salvatierra, R. V., Ren, M., McHugh, E. A., Advincula, P. A., Wang, Z., Bhatt, M., Guo, H., Mancevski, V., Shahsavari, R., Yakobson, B. I., & Tour, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Rice University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shahsavari, Rouzbeh
- Yakobson, Boris I.
- Tour, James M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-01-27
- Volume
- 577
- Issue
- 7792
- Pages
- 647-651
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3000867797
- Cited by
- 950
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 45
- FWCI
- 40.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (696656)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10LABX-0026CSC)
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki (2015/18/E/ST5/00188, 2016/21/B/ST5/00175)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphene research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
- Keywords
- Joule heating, turbostratic stacking, graphene defects, carbon black, coal, petroleum coke, biochar, rubber tires, plastic waste, solvent-free synthesis, graphene composites, energy costs
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