Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement
Open accessAbstract
The possibility of voyaging contact between prehistoric Polynesian and Native American populations has long intrigued researchers. Proponents have pointed to the existence of New World crops, such as the sweet potato and bottle gourd, in the Polynesian archaeological record, but nowhere else outside the pre-Columbian Americas 1-6, while critics have argued that these botanical dispersals need not have been human mediated 7. The Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl controversially suggested that prehistoric South American populations had an important role in the settlement of east Polynesia and particularly of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)2. Several limited molecular genetic studies have reached opposing conclusions, and the possibility continues to be as hotly contested today as it was when first suggested 8-12. Here we analyse genome-wide variation in individuals from islands across Polynesia for signs of Native American admixture, analysing 807 individuals from 17 island populations and 15 Pacific coast Native American groups. We find conclusive evidence for prehistoric contact of Polynesian individuals with Native American individuals (around AD 1200) contemporaneous with the settlement of remote Oceania 13-15. Our analyses suggest strongly that a single contact event occurred in eastern Polynesia, before the settlement of Rapa Nui, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.
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Admixture date estimates are compatible with single-pulse estimates reported for present-day Rapanui.
“Our admixture date estimates are compatible with single-pulse estimates reported for present-day Rapanui5,7.”
From Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The ‘Dating Native American–Polynesia contact’ section reports a Native American introgression estimate of 1380 CE for Rapanui without European ancestry. It also reports an ALDER estimate of 1234 ± 90 years CE, but that estimate pools Rapanui with people from other islands. Our copy therefore supports the existence of admixture-date estimates involving present-day Rapanui, but does not clearly identify a Rapanui-only single-pulse estimate; the citing authors’ own estimates are not available here to assess compatibility. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe ancient individuals remained most closely related to present-day Rapanui even when a broader set of Oceanian reference individuals was considered.
“Concordantly, the ancient individuals remained most closely related to present-day Rapanui even when we considered a broader set of Oceanian reference individuals7,39 (Supplementary Fig. 12, Supplementary Table 5 and Supplementary Information section 7).”
From Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Admixture date estimates postdate estimates obtained for other present-day Polynesians by about 100-200 years.
“they postdate the estimates obtained for other present-day Polynesians by about 100–200 years7”
From Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Admixture date estimates are concordant across ancient and present-day Rapanui individuals.
“and are concordant across ancient and present-day Rapanui individuals5,7”
From Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The ‘Dating Native American–Polynesia contact’ section reports admixture-date estimates for Rapanui individuals, and ‘Methods > Dating Analyses’ describes dating samples collected in 1994 and 2013. Neither passage compares those estimates with estimates from ancient Rapanui individuals. Searches for ancient Rapanui admixture dates found no such comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ioannidis, A. G., Blanco-Portillo, J., Sandoval, K., Hagelberg, E., Miquel-Poblete, J. F., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J. E., Quinto-Cortés, C. D., Auckland, K., Parks, T., Robson, K., Hill, A. V. S., Avila-Arcos, M. C., Sockell, A., Homburger, J. R., Wojcik, G. L., Barnes, K. C., Herrera, L., Berríos, S., Acuña, M., Llop, E., Eng, C., Huntsman, S., Burchard, E. G., Gignoux, C. R., Cifuentes, L., Verdugo, R. A., Moraga, M., Mentzer, A. J., Bustamante, C. D., & Moreno-Estrada, A.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- University of Chile (CL)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ioannidis, Alexander G.
- ORCID
- Ioannidis, Alexander G.
- Blanco-Portillo, Javier
- Sandoval, Karla
- Hagelberg, Erika
- Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor
- Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan Esteban
- Quinto-Cortés, Consuelo D.
- Auckland, Kathryn
- Parks, Tom
- Robson, Kathryn
- Hill, Adrian V. S.
- Sockell, Alexandra
- Homburger, Julian R.
- Wojcik, Genevieve L.
- Barnes, Kathleen C.
- Berríos, Soledad
- Acuña, Mónica
- Llop, Elena
- Eng, Celeste
- Huntsman, Scott
- Burchard, Esteban G.
- Gignoux, Christopher R.
- Cifuentes, Lucía
- Verdugo, Ricardo A.
- Moraga, Mauricio
- Mentzer, Alexander J.
- Bustamante, Carlos D.
- Moreno-Estrada, Andrés
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 583
- Issue
- 7817
- Pages
- 572-577
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC8939867
- OpenAlex
- W3041088860
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 18.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Society for Engineering Education
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
- Wellcome Trust (106289, 106289/Z/14/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2018-13-007)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CB-2015, 2015-01, CB2015-01)
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, San Francisco
- Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genomics, Stanford University
- National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate
- Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (USA2013-0015, 1130303)
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI132476)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (T15LM007033)
- Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (D10I1007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Polynesian settlement, Easter Island, Polynesian voyaging, Thor Heyerdahl, Ipomoea batatas, bottle gourd, genome-wide variation, pre-Columbian America
- MeSH terms
- Pacific Island People, Central America, Colombia, Europe, Genetics, Population, Humans, Indians, Central American, Indians, South American, Polynesia, South America, Time Factors, Genome, Human, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, History, Medieval, Gene Flow, Islands, Human Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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