Stimulus-specific hypothalamic encoding of a persistent defensive state
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Persistent neural activity in cortical, hippocampal, and motor networks has been described as mediating working memory for transiently encountered stimuli 1,2. Internal emotional states, such as fear, also persist following exposure to an inciting stimulus 3, but it is unclear whether slow neural dynamics are involved in this process. Neurons in the dorsomedial and central subdivisions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHdm/c) that express the nuclear receptor protein NR5A1 (also known as SF1) are necessary for defensive responses to predators in mice 4-7. Optogenetic activation of these neurons, referred to here as VMHdm SF1 neurons, elicits defensive behaviours that outlast stimulation 5,8, which suggests the induction of a persistent internal state of fear or anxiety. Here we show that in response to naturalistic threatening stimuli, VMHdm SF1 neurons in mice exhibit activity that lasts for many tens of seconds. This persistent activity was correlated with, and required for, persistent defensive behaviour in an open-field assay, and depended on neurotransmitter release from VMHdm SF1 neurons. Stimulation and calcium imaging in acute slices showed that there is local excitatory connectivity between VMHdm SF1 neurons. Microendoscopic calcium imaging of VMHdm SF1 neurons revealed that persistent activity at the population level reflects heterogeneous dynamics among individual cells. Unexpectedly, distinct but overlapping VMHdm SF1 subpopulations were persistently activated by different modalities of threatening stimulus. Computational modelling suggests that neither recurrent excitation nor slow-acting neuromodulators alone can account for persistent activity that maintains stimulus identity. Our results show that stimulus-specific slow neural dynamics in the hypothalamus, on a time scale orders of magnitude longer than that of working memory in the cortex 9,10, contribute to a persistent emotional state.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Persistent activity seems to be a hallmark of hypothalamic neurons, which can be highly interconnected and have long integration periods.
“Persistent activity seems to be a hallmark of hypothalamic neurons, which can be highly interconnected and have long integration periods42–45.”
From Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541 · see citing works
Sapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55 · Cited by 7,533 · see citing works
Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity
Chen, T.-W., Wardill, T. J., Sun, Y., Pulver, S. R., Renninger, S. L., Baohan, A., Schreiter, E. R., Kerr, R. A., Orger, M. B., Jayaraman, V., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12354 · Cited by 6,474 · see citing works
Natural neural projection dynamics underlying social behavior
Gunaydin, L. A., Grosenick, L., Finkelstein, J. C., Kauvar, I. V., Fenno, L. E., Adhikari, A., Lammel, S., Mirzabekov, J. J., Airan, R. D., Zalocusky, K. A., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.017 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Mechanisms of stress in the brain
McEwen, B. S., Bowles, N. P., Gray, J. D., Hill, M. N., Hunter, R. G., Karatsoreos, I. N., & Nasca, C. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4086 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Long-term dynamics of CA1 hippocampal place codes
Ziv, Y., Burns, L. D., Cocker, E. D., Hamel, E. O., Ghosh, K. K., Kitch, L. J., Gamal, A. E., & Schnitzer, M. J. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3329 · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
Ventromedial hypothalamic neurons control a defensive emotion state
Kunwar, P. S., Zelikowsky, M., Remedios, R., Cai, H., Balban, M. Y., Meister, M., & Anderson, D. J. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.06633 · Cited by 1,112 · see citing works
Self-citationChaos in random neural networks
Sompolinsky, H., Crisanti, A., & Sommers, H. J. (1988) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.61.259 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity
Wang, X.-J. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01868-3 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity
Dana, H., Mohar, B., Sun, Y., Narayan, S., Gordus, A. G., Hasseman, J. P., Tsegaye, G., Holt, G. T., Hu, A., Walpita, D., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.12727 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Simultaneous Denoising, Deconvolution, and Demixing of Calcium Imaging Data
Pnevmatikakis, E. A., Soudry, D., Gao, Y., Machado, T. A., Merel, J., Pfau, D., Reardon, T. R., Mu, Y., Lacefield, C., Yang, W., et al. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.037 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Synaptic basis of cortical persistent activity: the importance of NMDA receptors to working memory
Wang, X.-J. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-21-09587.1999 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
CaImAn an open source tool for scalable calcium imaging data analysis
Giovannucci, A., Friedrich, J., Gunn, P., Kalfon, J., Brown, B. L., Koay, S. A., Taxidis, J., Najafi, F., Gauthier, J., Zhou, P., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.38173 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Intact-brain analyses reveal distinct information carried by SNc dopamine subcircuits
Lerner, T. N., Shilyansky, C., Davidson, T. J., Evans, K. E., Beier, K. T., Zalocusky, K. A., Crow, A. K., Malenka, R. C., Luo, L., Tomer, R., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.014 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Dhillon, H., Zigman, J. M., Ye, C., Lee, C. E., McGovern, R. A., Tang, V., Kenny, C. D., Christiansen, L. M., White, R. D., Edelstein, E. A., et al. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.021 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice. Influence of dopaminergic transmissions
Simon, P. Y. R., Dupuis, R., & Costentin, J. (1994) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(94)90008-6 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Efficient and accurate extraction of in vivo calcium signals from microendoscopic video data
Zhou, P., Resendez, S. L., Rodríguez-Romaguera, J., Jimenez, J., Neufeld, S. Q., Giovannucci, A., Friedrich, J. H., Pnevmatikakis, E. A., Stuber, G. D., Hen, R., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28728 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Neurocomputational models of working memory
Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J. K., & B, T. J. S. A. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/81460 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
A framework for studying emotions across species
Anderson, D. J., & Adolphs, R. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.003 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, C. F., Chiang, M. C., Gray, D. C., Prabhakaran, M., Alvarado, M., Juntti, S. A., Unger, E. K., Wells, J. A., & Shah, N. M. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.017 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Rapid innate defensive responses of mice to looming visual stimuli
Yilmaz, M., & Meister, M. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.015 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Gross, C. T., & Canteras, N. S. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3301 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Thy1-GCaMP6 transgenic mice for neuronal population imaging in vivo
Dana, H., Chen, T.-W., Hu, A., Shields, B. C., Guo, C., Looger, L. L., Kim, D. S., & Svoboda, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108697 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Maintenance of persistent activity in a frontal thalamocortical loop
Guo, Z. V., Inagaki, H. K., Daie, K., Druckmann, S., Gerfen, C. R., & Svoboda, K. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22324 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Role of astrocytes in the clearance of excess extracellular potassium
Walz, W. (2000) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00137-0 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
The medial hypothalamic defensive system: Hodological organization and functional implications
Canteras, N. S. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00685-2 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
A synaptic threshold mechanism for computing escape decisions
Evans, D. A., Stempel, A. V., Vale, R., Ruehle, S., Lefler, Y., & Branco, T. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0244-6 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Elucidating an Affective Pain Circuit that Creates a Threat Memory
Han, S., Soleiman, M. T., Soden, M. E., Zweifel, L. S., & Palmiter, R. D. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.057 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Papes, F., Logan, D. W., & Stowers, L. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.037 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Discrete attractor dynamics underlies persistent activity in the frontal cortex
Inagaki, H. K., Fontolan, L., Romani, S., & Svoboda, K. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0919-7 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
A peptide as a possible transmitter in sympathetic ganglia of the frog.
Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y., & Kuffler, S. W. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.3.1501 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Collateral Pathways from the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Mediate Defensive Behaviors
Wang, L., Chen, I. Z., & Lin, D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.025 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Persistent neural activity: prevalence and mechanisms
Major, G., & Tank, D. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.017 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The Mouse Defense Test Battery: pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic
Blanchard, D. C., Griebel, G., & Blanchard, R. J. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01276-7 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Brody, C. D., Romo, R., & Kepecs, A. (2003) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00050-3 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
The Neuropeptide Tac2 Controls a Distributed Brain State Induced by Chronic Social Isolation Stress
Zelikowsky, M., Hui, M., Karigo, T., Choe, A., Yang, B., Blanco, M. R., Beadle, K., Gradinaru, V., Deverman, B. E., & Anderson, D. J. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.037 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Self-citationSevere Reduction of Rat Defensive Behavior to a Predator by Discrete Hypothalamic Chemical Lesions
Canteras, N. S., Chiavegatto, S., do Valle, L. E. R., & Swanson, L. W. (1997) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00141-x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Modular Genetic Control of Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors
Xu, X., Coats, J., Yang, C. F., Wang, A., Ahmed, O. M., Alvarado, M., Izumi, T., & Shah, N. M. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.018 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Astrocytic modulation of neuronal excitability through K + spatial buffering
Bellot-Saez, A., Kékesi, O., Morley, J. W., & Buskila, Y. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.002 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Independent hypothalamic circuits for social and predator fear
Silva, B. A., Mattucci, C., Krzywkowski, P., Murana, E., Illarionova, A., Grinevich, V., Canteras, N. S., Ragozzino, D., & Gross, C. T. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3573 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Multimodal analysis of cell types in a hypothalamic node controlling social behavior
Kim, D.-W., Yao, Z., Graybuck, L. T., Kim, T. K., Nguyen, T. N., Smith, K. A., Fong, O., Yi, L., Koulena, N., Pierson, N., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.020 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial behaviour shapes hypothalamic neural ensemble representations of conspecific sex
Remedios, R., Kennedy, A., Zelikowsky, M., Grewe, B. F., Schnitzer, M. J., & Anderson, D. J. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23885 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural foundations of optogenetics: Determinants of channelrhodopsin ion selectivity
Berndt, A., Lee, S. Y., Wietek, J., Ramakrishnan, C., Steinberg, E. E., Rashid, A. J., Kim, H., Park, S., Santoro, A., Frankland, P. W., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1523341113 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Motta, S. C., Goto, M., Gouveia, F. V., Baldo, M. V. C., Canteras, N. S., & Swanson, L. W. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900939106 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Beyond working memory: the role of persistent activity in decision making
Curtis, C. E., & Lee, D. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.03.006 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
A labeled-line neural circuit for pheromone-mediated sexual behaviors in mice
Ishii, K. K., Osakada, T., Mori, H., Miyasaka, N., Yoshihara, Y., Miyamichi, K., & Touhara, K. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.038 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Pérez‐Gómez, A., Bleymehl, K., Stein, B., Pyrski, M. M., Birnbaumer, L., Munger, S. D., Leinders‐Zufall, T., Zufall, F., & Chamero, P. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.026 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Ben-Shaul, Y., Katz, L. C., Mooney, R., & Dulac, C. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0915147107 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Correa, S. M., Newstrom, D. W., Warne, J. P., Flandin, P., Cheung, C. C., Lin-Moore, A. T., Pierce, A. A., Xu, A. W., Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Ingraham, H. A. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.011 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
MIN1PIPE: A Miniscope 1-Photon-Based Calcium Imaging Signal Extraction Pipeline
Lu, J., Li, C., Alvarado, J. S., Zhou, Z., Frӧhlich, F., MOONEY, R. D., & Wang, F. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.062 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus
Mongeau, R., Miller, G. A., Chiang, E., & Anderson, D. J. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-09-03855.2003 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationConnectional architecture of a mouse hypothalamic circuit node controlling social behavior
Lo, L., Yao, S., Kim, D., Cetin, A. H., Harris, J. A., Zeng, H., Anderson, D. J., & Weissbourd, B. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1817503116 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationToyoizumi, T., & Abbott, L. F. (2011) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.84.051908 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Functional dissection of circuitry in a neural integrator
Aksay, E., Olasagasti, I., Mensh, B. D., Baker, R., Goldman, M. S., & Tank, D. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1877 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Pharmacological and behavioral characteristics of 22 kHz alarm calls in rats
Brudzyński, S. M. (2001) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00058-6 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Further evidence for peptidergic transmission in sympathetic ganglia.
Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y., & Kuffler, S. W. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.8.5008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Divergent medial amygdala projections regulate approach–avoidance conflict behavior
Miller, S. M., Marcotulli, D., Shen, A., & Zweifel, L. S. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0337-z · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Viskaitis, P., Irvine, E. E., Smith, M. A., Choudhury, A. I., Alvarez‐Curto, E., Glegola, J. A., Hardy, D. G., Pedroni, S. M. A., Pessoa, M. R. P., Fernando, A. B. P., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.089 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Open source silicon microprobes for high throughput neural recording
Yang, L., Lee, K., Villagracia, J., & Masmanidis, S. C. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab581a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Arch, V. S., & Narins, P. M. (2008) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The ventromedial hypothalamus mediates predator fear memory
Silva, B. A., Mattucci, C., Krzywkowski, P., Cuozzo, R., Carbonari, L., & Gross, C. T. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13239 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Brain calculus: neural integration and persistent activity
McCormick, D. A. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/83917 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Genetic Dissection of the Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses to Stressful Challenges
Chen, A. (2016) · Research and perspectives in endocrine interactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41603-8_6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [13]Yilmaz M & Meister M in Current biology: CB Vol. 23 2011– 2015 (Elsevier Ltd, 2013). 24120636 PMC3809337
- [44]Franklin KBJ & Paxinos G THE MOUSE BRAIN IN STEREOTACTIC COORDINATES. Vol. Third edition (2008).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Segalin, C., Williams, J., Karigo, T., Hui, M., Zelikowsky, M., Sun, J. J., Perona, P., Anderson, D. J., & Kennedy, A. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63720 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationThe emergence and influence of internal states
Flavell, S. W., Gogolla, N., Lovett-Barron, M., & Zelikowsky, M. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.030 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
An approximate line attractor in the hypothalamus encodes an aggressive state
Nair, A., Karigo, T., Yang, B., Ganguli, S., Schnitzer, M. J., Linderman, S. W., Anderson, D. J., & Kennedy, A. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.027 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationMalézieux, M., Klein, A. S., & Gogolla, N. (2023) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-103314 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Preserved neural dynamics across animals performing similar behaviour
Safaie, M., Chang, J. C., Park, J., Miller, L. E., Dudman, J. T., Perich, M. G., & Gallego, J. Á. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06714-0 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The neural basis for a persistent internal state in Drosophila females
Deutsch, D., Pacheco, D., Encarnacion-Rivera, L., Pereira, T., Fathy, R., Clemens, J., Girardin, C., Calhoun, A., Ireland, E., Burke, A., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59502 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries
Valtcheva, S., Issa, H. A., Bair-Marshall, C. J., Martin, K. A., Jung, K., Zhang, Y., Kwon, H.-B., & Froemke, R. C. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06540-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The role of the periaqueductal gray in escape behavior
Lefler, Y., Campagner, D., & Branco, T. (2019) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.014 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Neuron-astrocyte coupling in lateral habenula mediates depressive-like behaviors
Xin, Q., Wang, J., Zheng, J., Tan, Y. J., Jia, X., Ni, Z., Xu, Z., Feng, J., Wu, Z., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.04.010 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Dissecting the functional organization of the C. elegans serotonergic system at whole-brain scale
Dag, U., Nwabudike, I., Kang, D., Gomes, M. A., Kim, J. S., Atanas, A. A., Bueno, E., Estrem, C., Pugliese, S. M., Wang, Z., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.023 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Fratzl, A., Koltchev, A. M., Vissers, N., Tan, Y. L., Marques–Smith, A., Stempel, A. V., Branco, T., & Hofer, S. B. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Expressions of emotions across species
Zych, A. D., & Gogolla, N. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.01.003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Defensive responses: behaviour, the brain and the body
Tseng, Y.-T., Schaefke, B., Wei, P.-F., & Wang, L.-P. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00736-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Sensory representation and detection mechanisms of gut osmolality change
Ichiki, T., Wang, T., Kennedy, A., Pool, A., Ebisu, H., Anderson, D. J., & Oka, Y. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04359-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationStress relief as a natural resilience mechanism against depression-like behaviors
Dong, Y., Li, Y., Xiang, X., Xiao, Z.-C., Hu, J., Li, Y., Li, H., & Hu, H. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Causal evidence of a line attractor encoding an affective state
Vinograd, A., Nair, A., Kim, J. H., Linderman, S. W., & Anderson, D. J. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07915-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationXie, Z., Gu, H., Huang, M., Cheng, X., Shang, C., Tao, T., Li, D., Xie, Y., Zhao, J., Lü, W., et al. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00985-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lu, Y., Li, H., & Li, C. (2023) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126246 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Esr1+ hypothalamic-habenula neurons shape aversive states
Calvigioni, D., Fuzik, J., Merre, P. L., Slashcheva, M., Jung, F., Ortiz, C., Lentini, A., Csillag, V., Graziano, M., Nikolakopoulou, I., et al. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01367-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Context-dependent persistency as a coding mechanism for robust and widely distributed value coding
Hattori, R., & Komiyama, T. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Firing activity in an N-type locally active memristor-based Hodgkin–Huxley circuit
Xu, Q., Fang, Y., Feng, C., Parastesh, F., Chen, M., & Wang, N. (2024) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-024-09728-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shao, J., Gao, D., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Liu, N., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Xiao, Q., Wang, L., Hu, H., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01513-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
PACAP-PAC1R modulates fear extinction via the ventromedial hypothalamus
Velasco, E. R., Florido, A., Flores, Á., Senabre, E., Gomez‐Gómez, À., Torres, A., Roca, A., Norrholm, S. D., Newman, E. L., Das, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31442-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A line attractor encoding a persistent internal state requires neuropeptide signaling
Mountoufaris, G., Nair, A., Yang, B., Kim, D.-W., Vinograd, A., Kim, S., Linderman, S. W., & Anderson, D. J. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.015 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationA common thalamic hub for general and defensive arousal control
Wang, Y., You, L., Tan, K., Li, M., Zou, J., Zhao, Z., Hu, W., Li, T., Xie, F., Li, C., et al. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Encoding of female mating dynamics by a hypothalamic line attractor
Liu, M., Nair, A., Coria, N., Linderman, S. W., & Anderson, D. J. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07916-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, J., Ding, X., He, T., Chen, A.-X., Zhang, W., Yu, Z., Cheng, X., Wei, C.-Y., Hu, Q.-D., Liu, X.-Y., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35211-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Corollary discharge promotes a sustained motor state in a neural circuit for navigation
Ji, N., Venkatachalam, V., Rodgers, H. D., Hung, W., Kawano, T., Clark, C. M., Lim, M. A., Alkema, M. J., Zhen, M., & Samuel, A. D. T. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.68848 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Potegal, M., & Nordman, J. C. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105110 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Representation of Olfactory Information in Organized Active Neural Ensembles in the Hypothalamus
Carvalho, V. M. D. A., Nakahara, T. S., Souza, M. A. D. A., Cardozo, L. M., Trintinalia, G. Z., Pissinato, L. G., Venancio, J. O., Stowers, L., & Papes, F. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108061 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mapping the neural circuitry of predator fear in the nonhuman primate
Montardy, Q., Kwan, W. C., Mundiñano, I.-C., Fox, D. M., Wang, L., Gross, C. T., & Bourne, J. A. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02176-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The dynamic state of a prefrontal–hypothalamic–midbrain circuit commands behavioral transitions
Chen, C., Altafi, M., Corbu, M.-A., Trenk, A., van den Munkhof, H. E., Weineck, K., Bender, F., Carús-Cadavieco, M., Bakhareva, A., Korotkova, T. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01598-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A subcortical feeding circuit linking an interoceptive node to jaw movement
Kosse, C., Ivanov, J., Knight, Z. A., Pellegrino, K., & Friedman, J. M. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08098-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Using deep learning to study emotional behavior in rodent models
Kuo, J. Y., Denman, A. J., Beacher, N. J., Glanzberg, J. T., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., & Lin, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1044492 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Conserved brain-wide emergence of emotional response from sensory experience in humans and mice
Kauvar, I., Richman, E. B., Liu, T. X., Li, C., Vesuna, S. S., Chibukhchyan, A., Yamada, L., Fogarty, A. S., Solomon, E. A., Choi, E. Y., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adt3971 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Independent inhibitory control mechanisms for aggressive motivation and action
Minakuchi, T., Guthman, E. M., Acharya, P., Hinson, J., Fleming, W., Witten, I. B., Oline, S. N., & Falkner, A. L. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01563-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Generation of rat forebrain tissues in mice
Huang, J., He, B., Yang, X., Long, X., Wei, Y., Li, L., Tang, M., Gao, Y., Fang, Y., Ying, W., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationRepresentation of ethological events by basolateral amygdala neurons
Mazuski, C. N., & O'Keefe, J. M. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110921 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flexibility of neural circuits regulating mating behaviors in mice and flies
Karigo, T., & Deutsch, D. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2022.949781 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A dynamical systems view of neuroethology: Uncovering stateful computation in natural behaviors
Robson, D. N., & Li, J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2022.01.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Shao, Y.-Q., Fan, L., Wu, W., Zhu, Y.-J., & Xu, H. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.029 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
You, I., Bae, Y., Beck, A. R., & Shin, S. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42623-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Strategies for Targeting Neural Circuits: How to Manipulate Neurons Using Virus Vehicles
Hui, Y., Zheng, X.-F., Zhang, H., Li, F., Yu, G.-Y., Li, J., Zhang, J.-F., Gong, X.-B., & Guo, G.-Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2022.882366 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fan, P., Song, Y., Lu, B., Wang, Y., Dai, Y., Xie, J., He, E., Xu, Z., Yang, G., Mo, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.868235 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neophytou, D., Arribas, D. M., Arora, T., Levy, R. B., Park, I. M., & Oviedo, H. V. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001803 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The neurobiology of parenting and infant-evoked aggression
Kaplan, H. S., Horvath, P. M., Rahman, M. M., & Dulac, C. G. (2024) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hypothalamic CRH neurons represent physiological memory of positive and negative experience
Füzesi, T., Rasiah, N. P., Rosenegger, D. G., Rojas‐Carvajal, M., Chomiak, T., Daviu, N., Molina, L. A., Simone, K., Sterley, T.-L., Nicola, W., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44163-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Retrorubral field is a hub for diverse threat and aversive outcome signals
Moaddab, M., & McDannald, M. A. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.055 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Future of Affective Science: Introduction to the Special Issue
Shiota, M. N., Camras, L. A., & Adolphs, R. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00220-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brain-wide, scale-wide physiology underlying behavioral flexibility in zebrafish
Mu, Y., Narayan, S., Mensh, B. D., & Ahrens, M. B. (2020) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2020.08.013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kinoshita, M., & Okamoto, H. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.087 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Population coding of predator imminence in the hypothalamus
Cheung, K. Y. M., Nair, A., Li, L.-Y., Shapiro, M. G., & Anderson, D. J. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.02.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationShao, J., Chen, Y., Gao, D., Liu, Y., Hu, N., Yin, L., Zhang, X., & Yang, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1281919 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Li, Y., Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, D., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Li, Y., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.176329 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Roquet, A., Martinelli, P., Lampraki, C., & Jopp, D. S. (2024) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/52555 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Prefrontal correlates of fear generalization during endocannabinoid depletion
Rosas-Vidal, L. E., Naskar, S., Mayo, L. M., Perini, I., Masroor, R., Altemus, M., Ramos-Medina, L., Zaidi, S. D., Engelbrektsson, H., Jagasia, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci179881 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of affect in the brain: Evidence from human imaging and animal models
Puccetti, N. A., Villano, W. J., Fadok, J. P., & Heller, A. S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tobias, B. C., Schuette, P. J., Maesta-Pereira, S., Torossian, A., Wang, W.-S., Sethi, E., & Adhikari, A. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15937 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Advanced neurobiological tools to interrogate metabolism
Mirabella, P. N., & Fenselau, H. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00885-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jász, A., Bíró, L., Buday, Z., Király, B., Szalárdy, O., Horváth, K., Komlósi, G., Bódizs, R., Kovács, K., Diana, M. A., et al. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002962 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Integration of hunger and hormonal state gates infant-directed aggression
Cao, M., Ammari, R., Chen, M., Wai, P. T., Jamieson, B. B., Liang, S., Husain, B. F. A., Sahni, A., Legrave, N. M., Salgarella, I., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09651-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Prefrontal circuits encode both general danger and specific threat representations
Martín‐Fernández, M., Menegolla, A. P., Lopez-Fernandez, G., Winke, N., Jercog, D., Kim, H.-R., Girard, D., Déjean, C., & Herry, C. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01472-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Shao, J., Gao, D., Zhang, L., & Yang, F. (2021) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/7806370 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Abbott, A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02337-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mota‐Rojas, D., Whittaker, A. L., Bienboire‐Frosini, C., Buenhombre, J., Mora‐Medina, P., Domínguez-Oliva, A., Martı́nez-Burnes, J., Hernández-Ávalos, I., Olmos-Hernández, A. S., Verduzco-Mendoza, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1541615 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neural Control of Naturalistic Behavior Choices
Asinof, S. K., & Card, G. M. (2024) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-094019 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mota‐Rojas, D., Lezama-García, K., Domínguez-Oliva, A., Olmos-Hernández, A. S., Verduzco-Mendoza, A., Casas-Alvarado, A., Torres-Bernal, F., & Martı́nez-Burnes, J. (2023) · Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology · doi:10.31893/jabb.23ss01 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cable-free brain imaging for multiple free-moving animals with miniature wireless microscopes
Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Li, W., Su, F., Wang, C., Xiong, W., Li, C., & Zhang, C. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.28.2.026503 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Orexinergic neurons modulate stress coping responses in mice
Kim, J. G., Ea, J. Y., & Yoon, B.-J. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1140672 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dynamics of neural activity in early nervous system evolution
Kennedy, A., & Weissbourd, B. (2024) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101437 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationA top-down insular cortex circuit crucial for non-nociceptive fear learning
Han, J.-H., Suh, B., & Han, J.-H. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt6996 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mountoufaris, G., Nair, A., Yang, B., Kim, D., & Anderson, D. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.565073 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationCell type-specific contributions to a persistent aggressive internal state in female DrosophilaPreprint
Chiu, H., Robie, A. A., Branson, K. M., Vippa, T., Epstein, S., Rubin, G. M., Anderson, D. J., & Schretter, C. E. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88598.2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHong, C. Y., Din, J. S., Chang, H. H., Bang, J. Y., & Kim, J. C. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112097 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kindel, M., Post, R. J., Grose, K. C., Lantier, L., Hwang, E., Carty, J. R. E., Dohnalová, L., Lepeak, L., Kern, H. C., Villari, R. E., et al. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.12.033 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Encoding the glucose identity by discrete hypothalamic neurons via the gut-brain axis
Kim, J., Kim, S., Jung, W., Kim, Y., Lee, S., Kim, S. H., Park, H.-Y., Yoo, D. Y., Hwang, I. K., Froemke, R. C., et al. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.05.024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neural and Genetic Basis of Evasion, Approach and Predation
Park, S., Ryoo, J., & Kim, D. (2022) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2022.2032 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hasunuma, K., Murakawa, T., Takenawa, S., Mitsui, K., Hatsukano, T., Sano, K., Nakata, M., & Ogawa, S. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nguyen, Q. A. T., Rocha, A., Chhor, R., Yamashita, Y., Stadler, C., Pontrello, C. G., Yang, H., & Haga‐Yamanaka, S. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.92982 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
López-González, L., Martı́nez-de-la-Torre, M., & Puelles, L. (2023) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02601-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kim, S., Kim, Y.-E., & Kim, I. H. (2022) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101722 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cell type-specific contributions to a persistent aggressive internal state in female DrosophilaPreprint
Chiu, H., Robie, A. A., Branson, K. M., Vippa, T., Epstein, S., Rubin, G. M., Anderson, D. J., & Schretter, C. E. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88598 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomically distributed neural representations of instincts in the hypothalamusPreprint
Stagkourakis, S., Spigolon, G., Marks, M., Feyder, M. T., Kim, J. H., Perona, P., Pachitariu, M., & Anderson, D. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568163 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDisinhibition of a recurrent attractor gates a persistent goal signal for navigationPreprint
Lanz, A. J., Kathman, N. D., Hao, E., Ermentrout, B., & Nagel, K. I. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nair, A., Vinograd, A., Liu, M., Mountoufaris, G., Linderman, S. W., & Anderson, D. J. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.11.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationWatts, C. A., Smith, J., Giacomino, R., Walter, D., Jang, G., Malik, A., Harvey, N. C., & Novak, C. M. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14070821 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Structured flexibility in recurrent neural networks via neuromodulation
Costacurta, J. C., Bhandarkar, S., Zoltowski, D. M., & Linderman, S. W. (2024) · neural information processing systems · doi:10.52202/079017-0062 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fujiwara, T., Brotas, M., & Chiappe, M. E. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463817 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Laing, B. T., Anderson, M. S., Jayan, A., Park, A. S., Erbaugh, L. J., Solís, Ó., Wilson, D. J., Michaelides, M., & Aponte, Y. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0417-24.2024 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Affective Dynamics
Puccetti, N. A., Villano, W. J., & Heller, A. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82965-0_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rahy, R., Asari, H., & Gross, C. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2022.964634 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Expanded linear dynamic affect-expression model for lingering emotional expression in social robot
Park, H., Lee, J., Dzhoroev, T., Kim, B., & Lee, H. S. (2023) · Intelligent Service Robotics · doi:10.1007/s11370-023-00483-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nguyen, Q. A. T., Rocha, A., Chhor, R., Yamashita, Y., Stadler, C., Pontrello, C. G., Yang, H., & Haga‐Yamanaka, S. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.92982.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cell type-specific contributions to a persistent aggressive internal state in female DrosophilaPreprint
Chiu, H., Robie, A. A., Branson, K. M., Vippa, T., Epstein, S., Rubin, G. M., Anderson, D. J., & Schretter, C. E. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88598.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulation Dynamics in Songbird RA and HVC During Learned Motor-Vocal Behavior
Tostado-Marcos, P., Arneodo, E. M., Ostrowski, L. M., Brown, D. E., Perez, X. A., Kadwory, A., Stanwicks, L. L., Alothman, A., Gentner, T. Q., & Gilja, V. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0580-25.2026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Critical intelligence: Computing defensive behaviour
Brochard, J., Dayan, P., & Bach, D. R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106213 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cable-free brain imaging with miniature wireless microscopesPreprint
Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Li, W., Su, F., Wang, C., Xiong, W., Li, C., & Zhang, C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496795 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Huang, J., He, B., Yang, X., Long, X., Wei, Y., Gao, Y., Fang, Y., Ying, W., Wang, Z., Li, C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.13.536774 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wawrzyniak, A., Balawender, K., Lalak, R., Staszkiewicz, R., Boroń, D., & Grabarek, B. O. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Yang, L., Mi, X., Hu, G., Lu, Y., Wang, C., Yang, J., Sun, X., Niu, M., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59116-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kennedy, A., Kunwar, P. S., Li, L.-Y., Stagkourakis, S., Wagenaar, D. A., & Anderson, D. J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, David J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-09-16
- Volume
- 586
- Issue
- 7831
- Pages
- 730-734
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC7606611
- OpenAlex
- W2980638619
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 9.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH112593, R01MH123612, K99MH117264, U19MH114830, R00MH117264, R01MH070053)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- persistent activity, ventromedial hypothalamus, steroidogenic factor 1, fear, defensive behavior, threatening stimuli, neurotransmitter release
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Anxiety, Calcium, Computer Simulation, Cues, Fear, Hypothalamus, Male, Neurons, Predatory Behavior, Time Factors, Neurotransmitter Agents, Mice, Optogenetics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review