Cited by 332Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

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An exercise-inducible metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity

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Li, Veronica L., He, Yang, Contrepois, Kévin, Liu, Hailan, Kim, Joon T., Wiggenhorn, Amanda L., Tanzo, Julia T., Tung, Alan Sheng-Hwa, Lyu, Xuchao, Zushin, Peter-James H., Jansen, Robert S., Michael, Basil, Loh, Kang Yong, Yang, Andrew C., Carl, Christian S., Voldstedlund, Christian T., Wei, Wei, Terrell, Stephanie M., Moeller, Benjamin C., Arthur, Rick M., Wallis, Gareth A., van de Wetering, Koen, Stahl, Andreas, Kiens, Bente, Richter, Erik A., Banik, Steven M., Snyder, Michael P., Xu, Yong, Long, Jonathan Z.·2022·Nature

DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-04828-5PMC PMC9767481

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Abstract

Exercise confers protection against obesity, type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic diseases 1-5. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate the metabolic benefits of physical activity remain unclear 6. Here we show that exercise stimulates the production of N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (Lac-Phe), a blood-borne signalling metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity. The biosynthesis of Lac-Phe from lactate and phenylalanine occurs in CNDP2+ cells, including macrophages, monocytes and other immune and epithelial cells localized to diverse organs. In diet-induced obese mice, pharmacological-mediated increases in Lac-Phe reduces food intake without affecting movement or energy expenditure. Chronic administration of Lac-Phe decreases adiposity and body weight and improves glucose homeostasis. Conversely, genetic ablation of Lac-Phe biosynthesis in mice increases food intake and obesity following exercise training. Last, large activity-inducible increases in circulating Lac-Phe are also observed in humans and racehorses, establishing this metabolite as a molecular effector associated with physical activity across multiple activity modalities and mammalian species. These data define a conserved exercise-inducible metabolite that controls food intake and influences systemic energy balance.

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Background
What Do We Know of Human Fuel Use during Aerobic Exercise, and How Do We Know It?
Axsom, J., & Arany, Z. P. (2025) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00002.2025 · Cited by 3
Adipose in Candyland: Diet and exercise in a pill
Greener, M. (2022) · Independent Nurse · doi:10.12968/indn.2022.9.24 · Cited by 1
Exercise Mitigates Flow Recirculation and Activates Mechanosensitive Transcriptome to Uncover Endothelial SCD1-Catalyzed Anti-Inflammatory MetabolitesPreprint
Cavallero, S., Roustaei, M., Satta, S., Cho, J. M., Phan, H., Baek, K. I., Blázquez‐Medela, A. M., Gonzalez-Ramos, S., Vu, K., Park, S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.02.539172 · Cited by 1
Effect of Assisted Physical Exercise over Inflammatory Markers and Lactate in Schizophrenia—A Controlled TrialPreprint
Cristiano, V. B., Szortyka, M. F., & Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. S. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1686.v1
Phenyllactic Acid is Physiologically Released from Skeletal Muscle and Contributes to the Beneficial Effects of Physical Exercise in HumansPreprint
Hoene, M., Zhao, X., Hu, C., Birkenfeld, A. L., Peter, A., Niess, A. M., Moller, A., Li, Q., Lehmann, R., Plomgaard, P., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.24305064 · Cited by 1
Genome-wide Association Studies for Immune Response and Resilience to Aleutian Disease in MinkPreprint
Hu, G., Do, D. N., Manafiazar, G., Kelvin, A. A., Plastow, G. S., Sargolzaei, M., Wang, Z., & Miar, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4014562/v1 · Cited by 1
SLC17 transporters mediate renal excretion of Lac-Phe in mice and humansPreprint
Li, V. L., Xiao, S., Schlosser, P., Scherer, N., Wiggenhorn, A. L., Spaas, J., Tung, A. S.-H., Karoly, E. D., Köttgen, A., & Long, J. Z. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.589815 · Cited by 1
“First, CNDP2 is an intracellular, cytosolic enzyme, yet Lac-Phe is enriched in the conditioned medium of cultured cells (9).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Discovery of metabolites produced by reactions between central carbon metabolites and cysteine that mark inflammatory macrophagesPreprint
Arp, N. L., Deng, F., Lika, J., Seim, G. L., Cobra, P. F., Fritz, C. M., John, S. V., Rathinaraj, S., Shields, B. E., Amador‐Noguez, D., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712640 · Cited by 1
An exercise-induced metabolite alters feeding
Greenhill, C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00719-x
The “brain-heart-gut” axis and novel mechanisms of future cardiovascular diseasePreprint
Hu, C. (2022) · doi:10.22541/au.167103365.55933131/v1
A microbial workout
Kviatcovsky, D., & Elinav, E. (2023) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.007
Study protocol: Identification and validation of integrative biomarkers of physical activity level and health in children and adolescents (INTEGRActiv)
Picó, C., Lurbe, E., Keijer, J., Kopecký, J., Landrier, J., Álvarez‐Pitti, J., Martin, J., Oliver, P., Palou, A., Palou, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1250731
“Here, we will characterize these and other analytes, such as the novel biomarker of PA, N-lactoyl-phenylalanine (34).”
Dietary sucrose, sucralose and probiotic sweetener isomaltooligosaccharide divergently affect exercise induced weight loss and its associated skeletal muscle metabolismPreprint
Shi, L. S., Liu, Y., Duan, Y., Liu, T., Zhang, B., Zhu, W., Kang, J., & Zhang, K.-R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3867242/v1
Contrôle de la prise alimentaire : EBM versus CIM et activité physique
Guy-grand, B. (2024) · Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique · doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2024.01.002
Healthcare Management of an Obese Person
Baqir, S. R., Khan, S. A., Zaman, B. M., Ali, T. H., Bangash, N. S., Ali, M. A., Zaidi, F., & Farooq, J. A. (2024) · DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences) · doi:10.54393/df.v5i01.119
Additional file 4 of Genomic and metabonomic methods reveal the probiotic functions of swine-derived Ligilactobacillus salivarius
Yang, J., Shang, P., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Du, Z., Wang, S., Xing, J., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24062507
Manipulation of Growth and Carcass Composition
Squires, E. J. (2024) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800620742.0003
Our viruses and saprophytic bacteria
Zikic, M. (2023) · Medicinski pregled · doi:10.2298/mpns2310299z
Serum metabolomics signatures after an acute bout of combined traditional or high-intensity tactical training in young males and femalesPreprint
Graham, Z., Pathak, K. V., Garcia‐Mansfield, K., Lavin, K. M., Torres, A. R., McAdam, J. S., Broderick, T. J., Pirrotte, P., & Bamman, M. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.16.608249
“This was recently demonstrated with the proper identification and mechanistic characterization of Lac-Phe (7).”
Rapid detection of N-lactoyl-phenylalanine for exercise evaluation using dual DNA biosensors based on solution-gated graphene field-effect transistorPreprint
Li, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Liu, J., Qu, H., & Wang, L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4865146/v1
“Shunt-ing” down obesity with novel endogenous metabolites
Pai, V. J., & Saghatelian, A. (2025) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.02.005
The complex role of brain cilia in feeding control
Asthana, A., & Jackson, P. K. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ady6368
Betaine, a beneficial mimetic for long-term exercise
Ji, X., Wei, Z., Yang, P., Tang, X., & Chen, H. (2025) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwaf057
“There is some pioneering work suggesting that physical activity can alter the metabolite signature (Li et al., 2022) and increase cardio-pulmonary fitness (Nayor et al., 2022).”
Interaction between exercise and flaxseed oil intake on hippocampal function of obese mice: the case of GPR120
Oharomari, L. K., Cunha, C. V. A., de Lima, J. B., de Paula, L. M., Rios, T. D. S., Meneguelli, T. S., da Silva, A. S. R., Pauli, J., Ropelle, E. R., & Cintra, D. E. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117082
Genomic insights and metabolic profiling of gut commensal Luoshenia tenuis at strain level
Sun, X., Huang, H., Zhao, Y.-Z., Chen, H. Y., Wang, C., Zhou, Z. Y., Jiang, Y., Han, R.-Y., Jiang, H., Liu, C., et al. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00793-9
“Importantly, lactic acid-derived Lac-Phe could act as a signaling molecule to suppress feeding and obesity 65 .”
CNIH4 regulates metabolic adaptations to exercise through β-adrenergic receptor-mediated ECM remodelingPreprint
Jia, Z., Liu, X., Wang, Z., Bo, T., Liu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324468/v1
Metformina: paradigma de pleiotropismo terapéutico (1922-2025)
de Leiva, A., & Morell, F. (2025) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2025.107189
Exercise Intensity Modulates the Human Plasma Secretome and Interorgan CommunicationPreprint
Olsen, L., Botella, J., Barrows, D., Romero, E., Baird, K., Katayama, M., Kilic, E., Peralta, C., Sanford, H., Farrell, L. A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683699
Acute and prolonged effects of aerobic endurance training on N‐lactoyl‐phenylalanine and inflammatory markers in individuals with type 1 diabetes: An exploratory analysis of the ULTRAFLEXI ‐1 study
Glatz, U., Müller, A., Moser, O., Aberer, F., Niedrist, T., Herrmann, M., Zelzer, S., Jaruan, O., Sourij, C., Osto, E., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70236 · Cited by 1
“2,8 Our findings extend these results, with a trend towards an interaction between exercise pattern and training session sequence demonstrating that Lac-Phe's acute response is not static but appears to adapt over repeated sessions.”
Metformin: Paradigm of therapeutic pleiotropism (1922–2025)
de Leiva, A., & Morell, F. (2025) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2025.107189
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z45 from Sour Soup Improves Flavor and Safety of Fermented Corn: Insights from Genomic and Metabolomic Approaches
Zhao, M., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Liang, S., & Li, G. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14213803 · Cited by 1
Effects of Morning vs. Evening Exercise on Appetite, Lactate, Lactate-Phenylalanine, and Interleukin 6: Role of SexPreprint
Sevilla-Lorente, R., Mármol-Pérez, A., González‐García, P., Gallego, B. R., Aragón‐Vela, J., Galvez, J. M. M., Salmerón, L. M., Huertas, J. R., López, L. C., Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5823331
Is Exercise-Induced Lactate Accumulation Associated with Changes in Acylated Ghrelin? A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis
McCarthy, S. F., Tucker, J. A. L., & Hazell, T. J. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003921
Beyond exercise and appetite: The expanding biology and therapeutic potential of N-lactoyl-phenylalanine
Oni, O. P., Scott, B., Schwartz, L. C., MacCormack, T. J., Hankir, M. K., & Rourke, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103798
“4 It remains unresolved which tissues predominantly generate Lac-Phe during exercise; skeletal muscle likely supplies most of the lactate, but the Lac-Phe-producing cell types (eg, muscle, epithelial, immune, and adipose) in humans are not defined.”
Influential
Additional file 3 of Genomic and metabonomic methods reveal the probiotic functions of swine-derived Ligilactobacillus salivarius
Yang, J., Shang, P., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Du, Z., Wang, S., Xing, J., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24062504
Additional file 1 of High-intensity interval training induces lactylation of fatty acid synthase to inhibit lipid synthesis
Chen, X., Huang, W., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Xing, Z., Guo, L., Jiang, H., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24165124
Additional file 1 of Genomic and metabonomic methods reveal the probiotic functions of swine-derived Ligilactobacillus salivarius
Yang, J., Shang, P., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Du, Z., Wang, S., Xing, J., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24062498
Additional file 2 of High-intensity interval training induces lactylation of fatty acid synthase to inhibit lipid synthesis
Chen, X., Huang, W., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Xing, Z., Guo, L., Jiang, H., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24165127
Additional file 2 of Genomic and metabonomic methods reveal the probiotic functions of swine-derived Ligilactobacillus salivarius
Yang, J., Shang, P., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Du, Z., Wang, S., Xing, J., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24062501
Determination of N-Lactoyl-phenylalanine, phenylacetylglutamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide related metabolites in hypertensive patients by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the application to blood pressure regulation
Tan, X., Jiang, X., Ren, L., Meng, Z., Yang, J., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117327
SIRT2 functions as an N-acetylaspartate hydrolase that counteracts cardiac metabolic remodeling in kidney diseasePreprint
Zhao, J.-Y., Ze-yu, Z., Qin, X.-J., Yan, J.-Y., Cai, K., Sun, X., Yao, Y., Lin, F. F., Shi, Y., Zhao, R., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8510072/v1
Targeted saliva multi-omics is a reliable, non-invasive method to capture physiological stress and recoveryPreprint
Wenzel, C., Kalaycik, B. R., Billig, A., Trebing, S., Joisten, N., Kolodziej, M., Braun, M., Lippelt, L., Gerharz, A., Millard, M., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.26345066
Long-term effectiveness of multidisciplinary weight management versus routine management on body mass index and waist circumference in older adults with overweight and obesity: a 24-month retrospective cohort study
Chen, Y., He, L., Lan, Y., Zhang, H., Hu, Y., & Guo, Z. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26509-y
“…of older adults, which include reliance on singular interventions neglecting synergistic physiological pathways, fragmented professional support contributing to poor adherence and weight regain, and insufficient integration of exercise medicine expertise for preserving musculoskeletal health [4–6].”
MassID provides near complete annotation of metabolomics data with identification probabilitiesPreprint
Stancliffe, E., Gandhi, M., Guzior, D. V., Mehta, A., Acharya, S., Richardson, A. D., Cho, K., Cohen, T., & Patti, G. J. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.704864 · Cited by 1
“Novel metabolites important for human health are frequently being discovered via untargeted analysis, such as 2-hydroxyglutate production in glioma 11 and Lac-Phe 12 excretion during exercise.”

Authors: Li, V. L., He, Y., Contrepois, K., Liu, H., Kim, J. T., Wiggenhorn, A. L., Tanzo, J. T., Tung, A. S.-H., Lyu, X., Zushin, P.-J. H., Jansen, R. S., Michael, B., Loh, K. Y., Yang, A. C., Carl, C. S., Voldstedlund, C. T., Wei, W., Terrell, S. M., Moeller, B. C., Arthur, R. M., Wallis, G. A., van de Wetering, K., Stahl, A., Kiens, B., Richter, E. A., Banik, S. M., Snyder, M. P., Xu, Y., & Long, J. Z.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Stanford University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of Copenhagen (DK)
University of California, Davis (US)
University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Xu, Yong
Long, Jonathan Z.
ORCID: Li, Veronica L.
He, Yang
Contrepois, Kévin
Liu, Hailan
Kim, Joon T.
Wiggenhorn, Amanda L.
Tanzo, Julia T.
Tung, Alan Sheng-Hwa
Lyu, Xuchao
Zushin, Peter-James H.
Jansen, Robert S.
Michael, Basil
Loh, Kang Yong
Yang, Andrew C.
Carl, Christian S.
Voldstedlund, Christian T.
Wei, Wei
Terrell, Stephanie M.
Moeller, Benjamin C.
Wallis, Gareth A.
van de Wetering, Koen
Stahl, Andreas
Kiens, Bente
Richter, Erik A.
Banik, Steven M.
Snyder, Michael P.
Xu, Yong
Long, Jonathan Z.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-06-15
Volume: 606
Issue: 7915
Pages: 785-790
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04828-5
PMC: PMC9767481
OpenAlex: W4282972916
Cited by: 331
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 24
FWCI: 34.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Agriculture (51000-064-01S)
American Heart Association (20POST35120600)
Novo Nordisk
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF18OC0034072, NNF17OC0027274)
Ono Pharma Foundation
National Institutes of Health (DK130541, 51000-064-01S, DK113954)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM113854)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK124265, R01DK120858, R01DK118940, P01DK113954, R01DK126830, R01DK117281, R01DK115761, DP1DK130641, R01DK109934, P30DK020579)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR072695)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords: physical activity, feeding inhibition, obesity, dietary intake, energy balance, lactate, phenylalanine, CNDP2, macrophages, monocytes, glucose homeostasis, diet-induced obesity, exercise training, racehorses
MeSH terms: Animals, Body Weight, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Disease Models, Animal, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Glucose, Obesity, Phenylalanine, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Lactic Acid, Adiposity, Mice

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An exercise-inducible metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity

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