Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease mediated by gut microbiota
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between gut microbiota and the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism is still unclear. Both the neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation serve as the key hubs to accelerate the process of AD by promoting pathology and damaging neuron. What's more, the gut microbiota is also crucial for the regulation of inflammation. Therefore, this review focused on the role of gut microbiota in AD through inflammatory pathways. Firstly, this review summarized the relationship and interaction among gut microbiota, inflammation, and AD. Secondly, the direct and indirect regulatory effects of gut microbiota on AD through inflammatory pathways were described. These effects were mainly mediated by the component of the gut microbiota (lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and amyloid peptides), the metabolites of bacteria (short-chain fatty acids, branched amino acids, and neurotransmitters) and functional by-products (bile acids). In addition, potential treatments (fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions) for AD were also discussed through these mechanisms. Finally, according to the current research status, the key problems to be solved in the future studies were proposed.
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Various pathological factors, such as Aβ plaques, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress, activate microglia, leading to release of pro-inflammatory mediators that exacerbate neurotoxicity.
“This hypothesis posits that various pathological factors, such as Aβ plaques, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress, activate microglia, the central nervous system’s innate immune cells. Upon activation, microglia undergo morphological changes and initiate a variety of inflammatory responses, which can lead to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators that exacerbate neurotoxicity.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The inflammatory hypothesis suggests that chronic neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD.
“The inflammatory hypothesis suggests that chronic neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Persistent activation of microglia may result in failure to resolve inflammation, contributing to neuronal damage and cognitive decline associated with AD.
“The persistent activation of microglia may result in a failure to resolve inflammation, contributing to neuronal damage and the cognitive decline associated with AD [15,16].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
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Lederer, A., Maul‐Pavicic, A., Hannibal, L., Hettich, M., Steinborn, C., Gründemann, C., Zimmermann-Klemd, A. M., Müller, A., Sehnert, B., Salzer, U., et al. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.011 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Magalhães, T. N. C., Weiler, M., Teixeira, C. V. L., Hayata, T., Moraes, A. S., Boldrini, V. D. O., dos Santos, L. M., de Campos, B. M., de Rezende, T. J. R., Joaquim, H. P. G., et al. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0795-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Matsumura, A., Suzuki, S., Iwahara, N., Hisahara, S., Kawamata, J., Suzuki, H., Yamauchi, A., Takata, K., Kitamura, Y., & Shimohama, S. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141572 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gx-50 Inhibits Neuroinflammation via α7 nAChR Activation of the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT Pathways
Shi, S., Liang, D., Bao, M., Xie, Y., Xu, W., Wang, L., Wang, Z., & Qiao, Z. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150963 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nakayama, Y., Hashimoto, K.-I., Sawada, Y., Sokabe, M., Kawasaki, H., & Martinac, B. (2018) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-018-0452-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lipopolysaccharide Induced Opening of the Blood Brain Barrier on Aging 5XFAD Mouse Model
Barton, S. M., Janve, V. A., McClure, R., Anderson, A. W., Matsubara, J. A., Gore, J. C., & Pham, W. N. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180755 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pavlov, V. A. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107794 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Iida, T., Yoshikawa, T., Matsuzawa, T., Naganuma, F., Nakamura, T., Miura, Y., Mohsen, A. S., Harada, R., Iwata, R., & Yanai, K. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22812 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Acetylcholine suppresses microglial inflammatory response via α7nAChR to protect hippocampal neurons
Lin, L., Liu, Z., Jiang, Y.-Y., Shen, W., Peng, Y.-P., & Qiu, Y. (2019) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin.2019.01.114 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Agostini, A., Ding, Y., Bai, L., Kendall, D. A., & Pardon, M. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Yanguas‐Casás, N., Barreda-Manso, M. A., Pérez-Rial, S., Nieto‐Sampedro, M., & Romero‐Ramírez, L. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0142-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Schlegel, P., Novotný, M., Klímová, B., & Vališ, M. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190460 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Więckowska-Gacek, A., Mietelska-Porowska, A., Wydrych, M., & Wojda, U. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101397 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Zhang, B., Chen, T., Cao, M., Yuan, C., Reiter, R. J., Zhao, Z., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Fan, W., Wang, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.900132 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ullah, R., Park, T. J., Huang, X., & Kim, M. O. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Qian, X.-H., Liu, X.-L., Chen, G., Chen, S.-D., & Tang, H.-D. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02599-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Thawabteh, A. M., Ghanem, A. W., AbuMadi, S., Thaher, D., Jaghama, W., Karaman, D., & Karaman, R. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29215131 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The persistent activation of microglia may result in a failure to resolve inflammation, contributing to neuronal damage and the cognitive decline associated with AD [15,16].”
BackgroundZhao, Q., Chen, J., Wu, M., Yin, X., Jiang, Q., Gao, H., & Zheng, H. (2023) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110638 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The endocannabinoid system: a bridge between alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota
Bisogno, T., Lauritano, A., & Piscitelli, F. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11090934 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Qian, X.-H., Song, X.-X., Liu, X.-L., Chen, S.-D., & Tang, H.-D.
- Venue
- Ageing Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 68
- Pages
- 101317
- ISSN
- 1568-1637 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3134448216
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Ageing Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, gut microbiota, neuroinflammation, systemic inflammation, lipopolysaccharide, amyloid peptides, short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, neurotransmitters, bile acids, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, dietary intervention, antibiotics
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid, Humans, Probiotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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