Cited by 12Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

A reappraisal on amyloid cascade hypothesis: The role of chronic infection in Alzheimer’s disease

Phuna, Zhi Xin, Madhavan, Priya·2023·International Journal of Neuroscience

Abstract

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that accounted for the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Lately, ‘infection hypothesis’ has been proposed where the infection of microbes can lead to the pathogenesis of AD. Among different types of microbes, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans are frequently detected in the brain of AD patients. Amyloid-beta protein has demonstrated to exhibit antimicrobial properties upon encountering these pathogens. It can bind to microglial cells and astrocytes to activate immune response and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, HIV-1 and HSV-1 can develop into latency whereas Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans can cause chronic infections. At this stage, the DNA of microbes remains undetectable yet active. This can act as the prolonged pathogenic stimulus that over-triggers the expression of Aβ-related genes, which subsequently lead to overproduction and deposition of Aβ plaque. This review will highlight the pathogenesis of each of the stated microbial infection, their association in AD pathogenesis as well as the effect of chronic infection in AD progression. Potential therapies for AD by modulating the microbiome have also been suggested. This review will aid in understanding the infectious manifestations of AD.

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Crossref · 10.1080/00207454.2022.2045290

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Authors
Phuna, Z. X., & Madhavan, P.
Affiliations
Taylor's University (MY)
Corresponding author
Madhavan, Priya
Venue
International Journal of Neuroscience
Published
2022-03-14
Volume
133
Issue
10
Pages
1071-1089
ISSN
  • 0020-7454 (ISSN-L)
  • 1543-5245
OpenAlex
W4221056441
Cited by
12
References
187
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2
FWCI
0.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • International Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Taylor’s University Flagship Research Grant (TUFR/2017/002/04)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, amyloid hypothesis, chronic infection, infection hypothesis, amyloid-beta, HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1, Chlamydia pneumoniae, spirochetes, Candida albicans, neuroinflammation, microglia, astrocytes, microbial DNA, microbiome, Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, Alzheimer's disease treatment
MeSH terms
Persistent Infection, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid, Humans, Pneumonia, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Herpesvirus 1, Human

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