Neurovascular dysfunction, inflammation and endothelial activation: Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimer's disease is an increasingly prevalent disease with 5.3 million people in the United States currently affected. This number is a 10 percent increase from previous estimates and is projected to sharply increase to 8 million by 2030; it is the sixth-leading cause of death. In the United States the direct and indirect costs of Alzheimer's and other dementias to Medicare, Medicaid and businesses amount to more than $172 billion each year. Despite intense research efforts, effective disease-modifying therapies for this devastating disease remain elusive. At present, the few agents that are FDA-approved for the treatment of AD have demonstrated only modest effects in modifying clinical symptoms for relatively short periods and none has shown a clear effect on disease progression. New therapeutic approaches are desperately needed. Although the idea that vascular defects are present in AD and may be important in disease pathogenesis was suggested over 25 years ago, little work has focused on an active role for cerebrovascular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD. Nevertheless, increasing literature supports a vascular-neuronal axis in AD as shared risk factors for both AD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease implicate vascular mechanisms in the development and/or progression of AD. Also, chronic inflammation is closely associated with cardiovascular disease, as well as a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases of aging including AD. In this review we summarize data regarding, cardiovascular risk factors and vascular abnormalities, neuro- and vascular-inflammation, and brain endothelial dysfunction in AD. We conclude that the endothelial interface, a highly synthetic bioreactor that produces a large number of soluble factors, is functionally altered in AD and contributes to a noxious CNS milieu by releasing inflammatory and neurotoxic species.
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Intracranial injection of thrombin activates microglia, leading to production of NO and TNFα via JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, which induce BBB disruption.
“Furthermore, it was shown that intracranial injection of thrombin activates microglia, leading to the production of NO and TNFα via JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, which induce BBB disruption.”
From The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases (2014) · cites this paper as Grammas, 2011
Thrombin causes disruption of the BBB indirectly by activation of microglia.
“Thus, it appears that thrombin causes a disruption of BBB indirectly by activation of microglia (Huang et al., 2008a,b; Yin et al., 2010; Grammas, 2011).”
From The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases (2014) · cites this paper as Grammas, 2011
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- Authors
- Grammas, P.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grammas, Paula
- ORCID
- Grammas, Paula
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3072921
- OpenAlex
- W2165329538
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG028367)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 15964, AG-020569, AG028367, R01AG028367, R01AG020569, R01AG015964)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neurovascular dysfunction, vascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, endothelial dysfunction, brain endothelium, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, pathogenesis, neurodegeneration, disease-modifying therapy
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Inflammation, Risk Factors, Disease Progression
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