Bullying fosters interpersonal distrust and degrades adolescent mental health as predicted by Social Safety Theory
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Social Safety Theory predicts that socially threatening experiences such as bullying degrade mental health partly by fostering the belief that others cannot be trusted. Here we tested this prediction by examining how peer bullying in childhood impacted adolescent mental health, and whether this effect was mediated by interpersonal distrust and several other commonly studied mediators-namely diet, sleep and physical activity-in 10,000 youth drawn from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study. Youth bullied in childhood developed more internalizing, externalizing and total mental health problems in late adolescence, and this effect was partially mediated by interpersonal distrust during middle adolescence. Indeed, adolescents who developed greater distrust were approximately 3.5 times more likely to subsequently experience clinically significant mental health problems than those who developed less distrust. Individual and school-based interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of bullying on mental health may thus benefit from bolstering youths' sense of trust in others.
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Recent studies have provided evidence for a link between depression and interpersonal distrust in middle adolescence, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (ages 14 to 17).
“Furthermore, recent studies have provided evidence for a link between depression and interpersonal distrust in middle adolescence, both cross-sectionally [52] and longitudinally [53] (ages 14 to 17).”
From Adolescent social media use and psychiatric outcomes: a longitudinal mediation analysis via interpersonal distrust, sleep, and self-image. (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
The Results and Structural equation models sections report a longitudinal association between interpersonal distrust at age 14 and mental health difficulties at age 17. But the Mental health difficulties (age 17) section identifies the outcomes as emotional, peer, conduct and attentional problems, not depression specifically; the Discussion says the authors knew of no studies investigating distrust and depression in adolescence. This source supports the longitudinal, broader-mental-health part of the claim, not a depression-specific link. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe role of social media use in the formation of maladaptive social safety schemas (e.g., indexed via interpersonal distrust) has not been addressed in any age group.
“However, the role of social media use in the formation of maladaptive social safety schemas (e.g. indexed via interpersonal distrust [53]) has not been addressed in any age group, even though there is mixed evidence on the association between social media use and perceived social support in adults [60–63].”
From Adolescent social media use and psychiatric outcomes: a longitudinal mediation analysis via interpersonal distrust, sleep, and self-image. (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
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李, 滨. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.168376
Peer victimization, school belonging, and epigenetic aging among children of Latino immigrants
Harris, R., & Perreira, K. M. (2026) · Child Development · doi:10.1093/chidev/aacag164
Wang, Q., & Tang, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10568500/v1
Effects of Media on the Mental Health of Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
LaFave, J., Weixel, T., Lehrbach, K. R., Parchem, B., & Inwards-Breland, D. J. (2026) · Current Pediatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s40124-026-00385-x
Shahrour, G., & Ibrahim, F. M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16101815
Tsomokos, D. I., Alley, J. C., Mengelkoch, S., Norman, J., & Slavich, G. M. (2026) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911261484451
Self-citationAziku, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1929270
Trust as a factor in preventing destructive behavior and aggression
Александрович, Р. А., Skripkina, T. P., & Morkovina, A. D. (2026) · Almanac Institute of special education · doi:10.66435/almanac.ise.63.07
- Authors
- Tsomokos, D. I., & Slavich, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slavich, George M.
- Venue
- Nature Mental Health
- Published
- 2024-02-13
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 328-336
- ISSN
- 2731-6076 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11052587
- OpenAlex
- W4391779712
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 13.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH103443)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- bullying, peer victimization, interpersonal distrust, adolescent mental health, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, mediation, diet, sleep, physical activity, childhood bullying, late adolescence, school-based intervention
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