Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development

Hostinar, Camelia E.; Sullivan, Regina M.; Gunnar, Megan R.

doi:10.1037/a0032671

Cited by 739Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development

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Hostinar, Camelia E., Sullivan, Regina M., Gunnar, Megan R.·2014·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/a0032671PMC PMC3844011

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Abstract

Discovering the stress-buffering effects of social relationships has been one of the major findings in psychobiology in the last century. However, an understanding of the underlying neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of this buffering is only beginning to emerge. An important avenue of this research concerns the neurocircuitry that can regulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. The present review is a translational effort aimed at integrating animal models and human studies of the social regulation of the HPA axis from infancy to adulthood, specifically focusing on the process that has been named social buffering. This process has been noted across species and consists of a dampened HPA axis stress response to threat or challenge that occurs with the presence or assistance of a conspecific. We describe aspects of the relevant underlying neurobiology when enough information exists and expose major gaps in our understanding across all domains of the literatures we aimed to integrate. We provide a working conceptual model focused on the role of oxytocinergic systems and prefrontal neural networks as 2 of the putative biological mediators of this process, and propose that the role of early experiences is critical in shaping later social buffering effects. This synthesis points to both general future directions and specific experiments that need to be conducted to build a more comprehensive model of the HPA social buffering effect across the life span that incorporates multiple levels of analysis: neuroendocrine, behavioral, and social.

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Stress responsivity in early childhood decreases with age throughout the preschool period, suggesting a potential social buffering of the HPA axis by a nurturing caregiver, who may operate as a safety signal.
“Some longitudinal studies suggest that stress responsivity in early childhood decreases with age throughout the preschool period (101, 105–107), suggesting a potential social buffering of the HPA axis by a nurturing caregiver, who may operate as a safety signal (108–110).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [109]
Nurturing parenting can buffer the effect of other types of stress.
“Evidence supporting this notion already exists in maternal buffering of stress, suggesting that nurturing parenting can buffer the effect of other types of stress (Gunnar, 1998; Hagan et al., 2010; Hostinar et al., 2014).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Hostinar et al., 2014
Maternal presence has been shown to reduce cortisol levels in childhood.
“In addition, maternal presence has been shown to reduce cortisol levels in childhood (Hostinar et al., 2014).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Hostinar et al., 2014

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Authors: Hostinar, C. E., Sullivan, R. M., & Gunnar, M. R.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
NYU Langone Health (US)
ORCID: Hostinar, Camelia E.
Sullivan, Regina M.
Gunnar, Megan R.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014-01
Volume: 140
Issue: 1
Pages: 256-282
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/a0032671
PMC: PMC3844011
OpenAlex: W1984112630
Cited by: 739
References: 280
Citations by year: 2026: 72 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 23.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Sponsor name not included
National Institutes of Health (DC009910 and MH091451, MH080905 and MH078105)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: social buffering, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, oxytocinergic system, early life experience, interpersonal relationships, neuroendocrine regulation, lifespan development, animal models, conceptual model
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interpersonal Relations, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Prefrontal Cortex

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Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development

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