The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The gut flora as a forgotten organ
Open accessAbstract
The intestinal microflora is a positive health asset that crucially influences the normal structural and functional development of the mucosal immune system. Mucosal immune responses to resident intestinal microflora require precise control and an immunosensory capacity for distinguishing commensal from pathogenic bacteria. In genetically susceptible individuals, some components of the flora can become a liability and contribute to the pathogenesis of various intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases. It follows that manipulation of the flora to enhance the beneficial components represents a promising therapeutic strategy. The flora has a collective metabolic activity equal to a virtual organ within an organ, and the mechanisms underlying the conditioning influence of the bacteria on mucosal homeostasis and immune responses are beginning to be unravelled. An improved understanding of this hidden organ will reveal secrets that are relevant to human health and to several infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic disease processes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the absence of the resident microbiota, members of the TLR family have low or absent expression profiles in the gut, thus compromising appropriate neuroendocrine responses to pathogenic threats (O'Hara and Shanahan, 2006).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as O'Hara and Shanahan, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Microbial abundance and community structure in the proximal intestine is affected by gastric acid, pancreaticobiliary secretions, and fast transit45.”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Studies have since shown that gut bacteria play a vital role in regulating important aspects of brain development and function, along with other host physiology [5, 7].”
From Effect of fecal microbiota transplant on symptoms of psychiatric disorders: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110591 · Cited by 7,913
The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage
Bäckhed, F., Ding, H., Wang, T., Hooper, L. V., Koh, G. Y., Nagy, A., Semenkovich, C. F., & Gordon, J. I. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407076101 · Cited by 6,245
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176
Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 4,251
An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System
Mazmanian, S. K., Liu, C. H., Tzianabos, A. O., & Kasper, D. L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007 · Cited by 2,910
Rescigno, M., Urbano, M., Valzasina, B., Francolini, M., Rotta, G., Bonasio, R., Granucci, F., Kraehenbuhl, J.-P., & Ricciardi‐Castagnoli, P. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/86373 · Cited by 2,554
Induction of Protective IgA by Intestinal Dendritic Cells Carrying Commensal Bacteria
Macpherson, A. J., & Uhr, T. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1091334 · Cited by 1,584
Gewirtz, A. T., Navas, T. A., Lyons, S., Godowski, P. J., & Madara, J. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1882 · Cited by 1,345
Cario, E., & Podolsky, D. K. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.12.7010-7017.2000 · Cited by 1,245
The ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20 is required for termination of Toll-like receptor responses
Boone, D. L., Turer, E. E., Lee, E. G., Ahmad, R., Wheeler, M. T., Tsui, C., Hurley, P. J., Chien, M., Chai, S., Hitotsumatsu, O., et al. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1110 · Cited by 1,104
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rook GA, Brunet LR (2005) Microbes, immunoregulation and the gut. Gut 54: 317–320
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,012 of 1,012
Watanabe, Y., Arase, S., Nagaoka, N., Kawai, M., & Matsumoto, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150559 · Cited by 35
Pan, Y., Qian, J., Ma, X., Huang, W., Fang, J. K.-H., Arif, I., Wang, Y., Shang, Y., & Hu, M. (2023) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106128 · Cited by 33
Li, X., Dong, L., Li, A., Yi, J., Brotto, M., & Zhou, J. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12020333 · Cited by 33
Bruno, G., Rocco, G., Zaccari, P., Porowska, B., Mascellino, M. T., & Severi, C. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2018/6237239 · Cited by 32
Gut microbiome response to short‐term dietary interventions in reactive hypoglycemia subjects
Quercia, S., Turroni, S., Fiori, J., Soverini, M., Rampelli, S., Biagi, E., Castagnetti, A., Consolandi, C., Severgnini, M., Pianesi, M., et al. (2017) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2927 · Cited by 27
Zhu, Y., Li, H., Xu, X., Li, C., & Zhou, G. (2016) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0895-0 · Cited by 23
Nicotinamide Riboside-Conditioned Microbiota Deflects High-Fat Diet-Induced Weight Gain in Mice
Lozada-Fernández, V. V., deLeon, O., Kellogg, S. L., Saravia, F. L., Hadiono, M. A., Atkinson, S. N., Grobe, J. L., & Kirby, J. R. (2022) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00230-21 · Cited by 23
Whole brain radiotherapy induces cognitive dysfunction in mice: key role of gut microbiota
Luo, X.-X., Yang, C., Zhan, G.-F., Li, S., Hua, D.-Y., Luo, A.-L., & Yuan, X.-L. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05520-0 · Cited by 23
Sauerkraut: A Probiotic Superfood
Orgeron II, R. P., Corbin, A., & Scott, B. (2016) · Functional Foods in Health and Disease · doi:10.31989/ffhd.v6i8.262 · Cited by 21
Song, M., & Fan, X. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098398 · Cited by 11
Dynamics of Gut Metabolome and Microbiome Maturation during Early Life
Aatsinki, A.-K., Lamichhane, S., Isokääntä, H., Sen, P., Kråkström, M., Alves, M. A., Keskitalo, A., Munukka, E., Karlsson, H., Perasto, L., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.23290441 · Cited by 4
Wang, H.-X., & Wang, Y.-P. (2016) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.190667 · Cited by 546
Metadata
- Authors
- O'Hara, A. M., & Shanahan, F.
- Affiliations
- National University of Ireland (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Shanahan, Fergus
- ORCID
- Shanahan, Fergus
- Venue
- The EMBO Reports
- Published
- 2006-07-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 688-693
- ISSN
- 1469-221X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-3178
- PMC
- PMC1500832
- OpenAlex
- W2117727476
- Cited by
- 2,791
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 230 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 243 · 2019: 198 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 184 · 2016: 168 · 2015: 147 · 2014: 123 · 2013: 134 · 2012: 121
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- EMBO Reports (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland
- Alimentary Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, mucosal immunity, inflammatory bowel disease, mucosal homeostasis, bacterial metabolic activity, microbiome manipulation, intestinal disorders, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Digestive System, Digestive System Diseases, Germ-Free Life, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Models, Biological, Immunity, Mucosal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
