The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deep Brain Stimulation to Reward Circuitry Alleviates Anhedonia in Refractory Major Depression
Open accessAbstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) to different sites allows interfering with dysfunctional network function implicated in major depression. Because a prominent clinical feature of depression is anhedonia--the inability to experience pleasure from previously pleasurable activities--and because there is clear evidence of dysfunctions of the reward system in depression, DBS to the nucleus accumbens might offer a new possibility to target depressive symptomatology in otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Three patients suffering from extremely resistant forms of depression, who did not respond to pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy, were implanted with bilateral DBS electrodes in the nucleus accumbens. Stimulation parameters were modified in a double-blind manner, and clinical ratings were assessed at each modification. Additionally, brain metabolism was assessed 1 week before and 1 week after stimulation onset. Clinical ratings improved in all three patients when the stimulator was on, and worsened in all three patients when the stimulator was turned off. Effects were observable immediately, and no side effects occurred in any of the patients. Using FDG-PET, significant changes in brain metabolism as a function of the stimulation in fronto-striatal networks were observed. No unwanted effects of DBS other than those directly related to the surgical procedure (eg pain at sites of implantation) were observed. Dysfunctions of the reward system--in which the nucleus accumbens is a key structure--are implicated in the neurobiology of major depression and might be responsible for impaired reward processing, as evidenced by the symptom of anhedonia. These preliminary findings suggest that DBS to the nucleus accumbens might be a hypothesis-guided approach for refractory major depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“DBS targeting the NAc was shown to exert antidepressant, anxiolytic, and hedonic effects, notably in treatment-resistant depression (Bewernick et al. 2010; Giacobbe et al. 2009; Schlaepfer et al. 2008).”
From Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression (2018) · cites this paper as Schlaepfer et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“deep brain stimulation applied via electrodes situated in the accumbens area/ventral internal capsule improves depressive symptoms in treatmentrefractory depression (Malone et al, 2009;Schlaepfer et al, 2008).”
From Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders (2010) · cites this paper as Schlaepfer et al, 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and that deep brain stimulation applied via electrodes situated in the accumbens area/ventral internal capsule reportedly improves depressive symptoms in treatment-refractory depression (Schlaepfer et al. 2008).”
From Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression (2008) · cites this paper as Schlaepfer et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“Treatments with enhanced spatial specificity such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), aimed to restore region-specific hypoactivity, show great promise in alleviating treatment-resistant depression in even the most severe cases (2–10).”
From Emerging Role for Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neuron Subtypes in Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“High frequency DBS of the NAc, among other regions, shows great promise in alleviating treatment-resistant depression, though its mechanism is still unclear (5, 8, 10).”
From Emerging Role for Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neuron Subtypes in Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“patients responding to DBS of the NAc, a region more associated with reward and positive affect, report acutely improved motivation for pleasurable activities [99].”
From Deep brain stimulation for depression. (2022) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“interaction with world targets can also be seen in people who suddenly have their mesolimbic dopamine systems artificially activated for the first time, such as by a newly-implanted brain stimulation electrode.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Schlaepfer et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962
Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Mayberg, H. S., Lozano, A. M., Voon, V., McNeely, H. E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., Schwalb, J. M., & Kennedy, S. H. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014 · Cited by 4,059
A Randomized Trial of Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease
Deuschl, G., Schade‐Brittinger, C., Krack, P., Volkmann, J., Schäfer, H., Bötzel, K., Daniels, C., Deutschlander, A. B., Dillmann, U., Eisner, W. E., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa060281 · Cited by 3,018
Self-citationBlood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191355898 · Cited by 2,814
Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., Silva, J. A., Tekell, J. L., Martin, C. C., Lancaster, J. L., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.675 · Cited by 2,416
Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens
Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W., & Hommer, D. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-j0002.2001 · Cited by 2,244
Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress
Berton, O., McClung, C. A., DiLeone, R. J., Krishnan, V., Renthal, W., Russo, S. J., Graham, D., Tsankova, N. M., Bolanos, C. A., Rios, M., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1120972 · Cited by 2,129
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex
O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/82959 · Cited by 2,003
Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression
(1997) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.9.3.471 · Cited by 1,585
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Disorders of consciousness, memory, and will
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0003
Euthanasia and assisted suicide for psychiatric disorders
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0008
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0002
Neuromodulation: Control, identity, and justice
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0006
Epilogue: Psychiatry, neuroscience, philosophy
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0010
Julião, Í. E. G. S., Santana, D. F., & da Silva, L. J. (2019) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia Brazilian Neurosurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1692158
Principles of deep brain stimulation
Pereira, E. A. C., Green, A. L., & Aziz, T. Z. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198746706.003.0075
Deep brain stimulation for major depression: A prototype of a personalized treatment in psychiatry
Schlaepfer, T. E., & Bewernick, B. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813176-3.00008-0
Self-citationPerrett, D. I. (2010) · doi:10.1007/978-0-230-36484-4_3
Yao, J., Hou, W., Wang, H., Liu, H., Weng, C., & Yin, Z. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.16.004
Milosevic, L. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Compton, W. M., & Blanco, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.001
Novel Psychoactive Substances: A New Challenge for Prevention and Treatment
Kapitány‐Fövény, M., Corazza, O., Marrinan, S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.032
Human Laboratory Paradigms in Addictions Research
Morris, V. L., Arshad, F., Balodis, I. M., Reed, D. D., MacKillop, J. M., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.010
Anhedonia in Addictive Behaviors
Dyer, W. G., Leventhal, A. M., Goldenson, N. I., & Bello, M. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.039
American Legal Issues in Addiction Treatment and Research
Willick, D. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.041
Strack, R. W., Orsini, M. M., Ewald, D. R., & Scheier, L. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.019
Deep Brain Stimulation: Treatment for Clinical Depression
Admassu, A. (2020) · doi:10.13021/mars/3905
Zanuy, F., & Ariadna, E. (2021) · UCrea (University of Cantabria)
Brain-Machine Interfaces for Closed-Loop Electrical Brain Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Sani, O. G., Yang, Y., & Shanechi, M. M. (2021) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_107-1
Role of Deep Brain Stimulation in Treatment Resistant Depression: A Review Article
Khoshnevisan, A. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study · doi:10.31031/pprs.2021.04.000598
Preclinical Molecular Neuroimaging in Deep Brain Stimulation
Veiga, M. C. (2021) · Library Open Repository (Universidad Complutense Madrid)
Thériault, R.-K. (2021) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · doi:10.1503/jpn.200117
Brain–Computer Interfaces for Movement
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0003
Brain–Computer and Brain-to-Brain Interfaces for Communication
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0004
Cohen, L. (2017) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.084.0024
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0007
Clinical and Research Methods in the Addictions
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.008
Lévêque, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01144-8_3
Levels of Analysis and Etiology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.014
Ongoing and Future Research Directions
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.030
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.002
Srivastava, A. B., & Gold, M. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.033
Shaham, Y., Theberge, F. R. M., & Calu, D. J. (2010) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.6170956.6215054
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0005
Psychopathologie et neurosciences
Campanella, S., & Streel, E. (2008) · Neurosciences & cognition. Série LMD · doi:10.3917/dbu.campa.2008.01.0315
Glicken, M. D. (2006) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452232539.n1
Rappeneau, V. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c4ffeb59z00eez4b56zbc94z09e8503a235d
Modulating microcircuits in depression
Roet, M. (2021) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210416mr
Non-pharmacological Somatic Treatments for Bipolar Depression
Sackeïm, H. A. (2016) · Milestones in drug therapy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31689-5_11
Dougherty, D. D., & Rauch, S. L. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04743-2.50048-2
PET and SPECT Imaging of Non-pharmacological Interventions for Psychiatric Disorders
Doma, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57231-0_34
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.042
Glannon, W. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.003.0001
Mental and Neural Causation in Brain–Computer and Brain-to-Brain Interfaces
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0005
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0006
Neurostimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0002
Mackel, C. E., Gologorsky, Y., & Alterman, R. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817000-7.00003-x
Chapter 21. Electroconvulsive Therapy and Other Forms of Brain Stimulation
Weiner, R. D., Husain, M. M., Young, J. R., & Kallioniemi, E. (2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375196.ds21
Xu, J. (2022) · International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.25236/ijfm.2022.041107
Invasive Hirnstimulationsverfahren
Kavakbasi, E., & Baune, B. T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65734-8_19
van der Linden, M. A. (2023) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1684
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.002.0004
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0010
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.002.0003
Communicating Between Auditory Regions and the Rest of the Brain
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0003
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0002
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0006
Music Recruits the Reward System
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0007
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.002.0006
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0005
Why Does Music Engage the Reward System?
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0008
Zatorre, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197558287.003.0009
Semiconductor multimaterial optical fibers for biomedical applications
Min, R., Shen, L., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95105-0.00007-3
Cabeza, L. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/90e2e128z8bcdz40d6zabedzebf0dc7b7e09
McMurray, L., Tremblay, S., Lazaro, C., & Lau, T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47802-4_7
Deep brain stimulation for depression
Kitay, B. M., & Riva‐Posse, P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18496-3.00019-7
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.002.0008
Advance Praise for Neural Prosthetics
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.002.0001
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.002.0003
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.002.0007
Glannon, W. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813910.002.0004
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.002.0006
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.002.0005
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198758853.002.0004
Computational Phenotyping of Electroconvulsive Therapy Outcomes in Treatment-Resistant DepressionPreprint
Jones, R. E., Sands, L. P., Trattner, J. D., Jiang, A., Johnson, C. K., Gligorovic, P. V., Douglas, H. E., Ramos, R., & Kishida, K. T. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.24314373
Other Biological Treatments Used in Depression
Demir, B., & Dönmezdil, S. (2024) · doi:10.69860/nobel.9786053359456.5
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.bm01
Chapter 9. Cognitive Effects of ECT
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg09
Chapter 4. The Pre-ECT Medical Workup
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg04
Chapter 2. Patient Selection for ECT
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg02
Chapter 3. Patient Education and Informed Consent for ECT
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg03
Chapter 1. Introduction to ECT
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg01
Chapter 10. ECT Versus Other Neuropsychiatric Treatments
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg10
Chapter 6. ECT Technique, Part I: Managing the Individual Treatment
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg06 · Cited by 1
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.index
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg05
Chapter 8. Preventing Relapse After ECT: Maintenance ECT and Pharmacotherapy
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg08
Chapter 7. ECT Technique, Part II: Managing the Course of Treatments
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.lg07
(2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379422.fm01
Neuromodulation and Psychiatric Disorders
Smith, A. H., Figee, M., & Mayberg, H. S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197640654.003.0010
Neurotechnologies in Anxiety and Depression
Chaudhary, U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78991-5_7
Mishra, A., & Joshi, R. P. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12040372
Metadata
- Authors
- Schlaepfer, T. E., Cohen, M. X., Frick, C., Kosel, M., Brodesser, D., Axmacher, N., Joe, A. Y., Kreft, M., Lenartz, D., & Sturm, V.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University Hospital Bonn (DE)
- University Hospital Cologne (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schlaepfer, Thomas E
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2007-04-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 368-377
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- OpenAlex
- W2141467587
- Cited by
- 1,027
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 41.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (acceptedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- deep brain stimulation, nucleus accumbens, anhedonia, reward system dysfunction, brain metabolism, FDG-PET, fronto-striatal network, treatment-resistant depression
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Philosophy, Reward, Time Factors, Deep Brain Stimulation, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
