Extinction during memory reconsolidation blocks recovery of fear in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a time of intensified emotional experiences, during which anxiety and stress-related disorders peak. The most effective behavioral therapies for treating these disorders share exposure-based techniques as a core component. Exposure-based therapies build on the principles of fear extinction learning and involve desensitizing the individual to cues that trigger anxiety. Yet, recent evidence shows an adolescent-specific diminished capacity to extinguish fear responses, suggesting that adolescents may respond less well to exposure-based therapies than other age groups. Here we demonstrate an alternative method for blocking the recall of fear memories in adolescents, building on principles of memory reconsolidation in adults. During memory reconsolidation, a memory that is recalled becomes labile during which time it can be updated. Prior research has shown that extinction training during memory reconsolidation attenuates the recovery of fear memory in human adults and in rodents. Using this method, we show attenuation of fear memory in adolescent humans. These findings have significant implications for treating one of the most vulnerable populations to anxiety and stress related disorders - adolescents - by optimizing exposure therapy based on principles of memory reconsolidation.
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In vulnerable populations such as children and adolescents, sound stimuli are recommended over mild electric shocks in threat conditioning paradigms.
“In vulnerable populations, such as children and adolescents, sound stimuli are recommended over mild electric shocks in threat conditioning paradigms7,8,13,43.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
Adolescents continue to show signs of defensive responding to previously learned threat cues, suggesting an age-specific relative dysregulation of the process that updates threat associations as safe.
“For example, adolescents continue to show signs of defensive responding to previously learned threat cues (freezing in rodents and elevated skin conductance in humans), suggesting an age-specific relative dysregulation of the process that updates threat associations as safe7,10–13.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
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Kitamura, H. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.207826 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Updating of Fear Memories by Behavioral Interventions during Memory Reconsolidation
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Etiological Factors: Basic Neuroscience
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Methodological differences in Pavlovian fear learning, extinction and return of fear
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Skalaban, L. J., Cohen, A. O., Conley, M. I., Lin, Q., Schwartz, G. N., Cannonier, T., Martinez, S. A., & Casey, B. J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g49st
Self-citationRe-Exposure to a Fear Conditioned Context Decreases Freezing During Subsequent Fear ExtinctionPreprint
Meyer, H. C., Blocker, B., Jain, R., & Burnell, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5349141
The Causes and Consequences of Veterinary Care
Bleuer‐Elsner, S., Masson, S., Lacoste, M., & Muller, G. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06260-4_30
- Authors
- Johnson, D. C., & Casey, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, D. C.
- Casey, B. J.
- ORCID
- Casey, B. J.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2015-03-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8863-8863
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4352863
- OpenAlex
- W1995024428
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH079513)
- National Eye Institute (T32EY007138)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear extinction, memory reconsolidation, adolescents, fear memory, exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, extinction training, memory reconsolidation blockade
- MeSH terms
- Memory Consolidation, Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Child, Cues, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Young Adult
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