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Cited by 149Memory and Neural MechanismsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Immunohistochemical Analyses of Long-Term Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Adolescent Rats

Kim, J. H., Li, S., Richardson, R.·2011·Cerebral Cortex
DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhq116
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Abstract

Adolescence is a period of heightened emotional reactivity and vulnerability to poor outcomes (e.g., suicide, anxiety, and depression). Recent human and animal neuroimaging studies suggest that dramatic changes in prefrontal cortical areas during adolescence are involved in these effects. The present study explored the functional implications of prefrontal cortical changes during adolescence by examining conditioned fear extinction in adolescent rats. Experiment 1 showed that preadolescent (i.e., postnatal day [P] 24), adolescent (P35), and adult (P70) rats express identical extinction acquisition following 3 white-noise conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock pairings. When tested the next day, however, adolescent rats showed almost complete failure to maintain extinction of CS-elicited freezing compared with P24 and P70 rats. It was observed in experiment 2 that following extinction, P24 and P70 rats express significantly elevated levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK) in the infralimbic cortex (IL) compared with adolescent rats. Interestingly, adolescent rats successfully exhibited long-term extinction if the amount of extinction training was doubled (experiment 3). More extinction training also led to increased phosphorylation of MAPK in the IL in these rats. These findings suggest that adolescents are less efficient in utilizing prefrontal areas, which may lead to an impairment in the maintenance of extinguished behavior.

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  • Under conditions of similar fear conditioning and within-session extinction, adolescents show impaired retention of extinction and spontaneously reinstate fear to CS presentation.

    “adolescents showed markedly impaired retention of the extinction, thereby spontaneously reinstating their fear to CS presentation (McCallum et al, 2010; Kim et al, 2011).”

    From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Kim et al, 2011

  • Adolescents continue to show signs of defensive responding to previously learned threat cues, suggesting an age-specific relative dysregulation of the process that updates threat associations as safe.

    “For example, adolescents continue to show signs of defensive responding to previously learned threat cues (freezing in rodents and elevated skin conductance in humans), suggesting an age-specific relative dysregulation of the process that updates threat associations as safe7,10–13.”

    From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Immunohistochemical evidence points to reduced synaptic plasticity in areas of the mPFC after extinction recall in adolescent rodents.

    “Immunohistochemical evidence points to reduced synaptic plasticity in areas of the mPFC after extinction recall in adolescent rodents7,10.”

    From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Recent research with rodents and humans has shown distinctive developmental profiles of blunted threat extinction recall in adolescents relative to children and adults.

    “Recent research with rodents and humans has shown distinctive developmental profiles of blunted threat extinction recall in adolescents6–11, relative to children and adults.”

    From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [10]

  • During extinction over time, increased recruitment of the mPFC to CS+ vs. CS− occurred in early trials for older participants and in late trials for younger participants.

    “The analysis of extinction over time (Stimulus × Time × Age interaction), showed increased recruitment of the mPFC to CS+ vs. CS− in the early trials for older participants and in the late trials for younger participants (see Fig. 2 and Table 1).”

    From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [10]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Pavlov IP. 1927. Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.

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Authors
Kim, J. H., Li, S., & Richardson, R.
Affiliations
UNSW Sydney (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Cerebral Cortex
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2010-06-24
Volume
21
Issue
3
Pages
530-538
ISSN
  • 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2199
DOI
10.1093/cercor/bhq116
OpenAlex
W2159947310
Cited by
149
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
FWCI
4.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Australian Research Council (DP0985554)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
adolescence, prefrontal cortex, infralimbic cortex, mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK phosphorylation, freezing behavior, late childhood, anxiety vulnerability
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Phosphorylation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Rats

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