Ion exchanger in the brain: Quantitative analysis of perineuronally fixed anionic binding sites suggests diffusion barriers with ion sorting properties
Open accessAbstract
Perineuronal nets (PNs) are a specialized form of brain extracellular matrix, consisting of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins and proteoglycans in the direct microenvironment of neurons. Still, locally immobilized charges in the tissue have not been accessible so far to direct observations and quantifications. Here, we present a new approach to visualize and quantify fixed charge-densities on brain slices using a focused proton-beam microprobe in combination with ionic metallic probes. For the first time, we can provide quantitative data on the distribution and net amount of pericellularly fixed charge-densities, which, determined at 0.4–0.5 M, is much higher than previously assumed. PNs, thus, represent an immobilized ion exchanger with ion sorting properties high enough to partition mobile ions in accord with Donnan-equilibrium. We propose that fixed charge-densities in the brain are involved in regulating ion mobility, the volume fraction of extracellular space and the viscosity of matrix components.
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PNNs may restrict local ionic concentration due to a high density of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans, thereby regulating the microenvironment of FSNs and influencing their intrinsic properties.
“PNNs may also restrict local ionic concentration due to a high density of their negatively charged constituent glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)18, thereby regulating the microenvironment of FSNs and influencing their intrinsic properties19.”
From Perineuronal nets decrease membrane capacitance of peritumoral fast spiking interneurons in a model of epilepsy (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Morawski, M., Reinert, T., Meyer-Klaucke, W., Wagner, F. E., Tröger, W., Reinert, A., Jäger, C., Brückner, G., & Arendt, T.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of North Texas (US)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Max Planck Innovation (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Arendt, Thomas
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16471-16471
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4664884
- OpenAlex
- W2403498924
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DESY Publication Database (PUBDB) (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Mo2249/2-1, Mo2249/2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Chemical and Physical Studies
- Keywords
- perineuronal nets, ion exchangers, fixed charge density, anionic binding sites, brain extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycans, Donnan equilibrium, ion mobility, matrix viscosity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anions, Brain, Extracellular Matrix, Rats
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