Prenatal maternal depression is associated with offspring inflammation at 25 years: a prospective longitudinal cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Animal studies and a handful of prospective human studies have demonstrated that young offspring exposed to maternal prenatal stress show abnormalities in immune parameters and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. No study has examined the effect of maternal prenatal depression on offspring inflammation and HPA axis activity in adulthood, nor the putative role of child maltreatment in inducing these abnormalities. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and awakening cortisol were measured at age 25 in 103 young-adult offspring of the South London Child Development Study (SLCDS), a prospective longitudinal birth cohort of mother-offspring dyads recruited in pregnancy in 1986. Maternal prenatal depression was assessed in pregnancy at 20 and 36 weeks; offspring child maltreatment (birth 17 years) was assessed at offspring ages 11, 16 and 25; and offspring adulthood depression (18-25 years) was assessed at age 25. Exposure to maternal prenatal depression predicted significantly elevated offspring hs-CRP at age 25 (odds ratio=11.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.1, 127.0), P=0.041), independently of child maltreatment and adulthood depression, known risk factors for adulthood inflammation. In contrast, maternal prenatal depression did not predict changes in offspring adulthood cortisol; however, offspring exposure to child maltreatment did, and was associated with elevated awakening cortisol levels (B=161.9, 95% CI (45.4, 278.4), P=0.007). Fetal exposure to maternal depression during pregnancy has effects on immune function that persist for up to a quarter of a century after birth. Findings are consistent with the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis for the biological embedding of gestational psychosocial adversity into vulnerability for future physical and mental illness.
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The association between early life trauma and increased inflammation was replicated in young adults exposed to stress in utero.
“and, most interestingly, in young adults who have been exposed to stress not in childhood but even earlier: in utero (Plant et al., 2016).”
From Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation (2017) · cites this paper as Plant et al., 2016
Offspring exposed to maternal depression in utero, now young adults, have increased inflammation as shown by raised CRP levels.
“these same offspring exposed to maternal depression in utero, now young adults, have increased inflammation as shown by raised CRP levels (Plant et al., 2016).”
From Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation (2017) · cites this paper as Plant et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Plant, D. T., Pawlby, S., Sharp, D., Zunszain, P. A., & Pariante, C. M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Plant, D T
- Venue
- Translational Psychiatry
- Published
- 2016-11-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e936-e936
- ISSN
- 2158-3188 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5314108
- OpenAlex
- W2546732350
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 13.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Translational Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Psychiatry Research Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- King's College London
- Cardiff University
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- Medical Research Council (MR/N029488/1, MR/J002739/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, child abuse, developmental origins of health and disease, biological embedding, adult depression, immune function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, C-Reactive Protein, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Inflammation, Longitudinal Studies, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Statistics as Topic, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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