Direct conversion of Spirulina to ethanol without pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis processes
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and microalgae have attracted attention as feedstocks for next-generation biofuels. To date, however, there have been no reports on efficient bioethanol production from cyanobacterial glycogen by yeast fermentation. Additionally, multiple pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps of polysaccharides are required for conventional ethanol production from agricultural crops and microalgae. Here, we investigate direct ethanol production from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, a fast-growing halophilic cyanobacterium that accumulates large amounts of glycogen, using lysozyme and a recombinant amylase-expressing yeast strain to eliminate the need for biomass pretreatment and amylase hydrolysis. In the direct conversion process from A. platensis to ethanol, 6.5 g L−1 (ethanol productivity of 1.08 g per L per day) of ethanol was produced. The total ethanol yield based on glycogen consumption was 86% of theoretical yield, which to our knowledge, is the highest yield of bioethanol from an oxygenic photosynthetic microorganism. The present findings indicate that A. platensis is a remarkable carbohydrate feedstock in the form of glycogen, which is a promising material for the production of bioethanol and various other commercially valuable chemicals.
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Two reports found that only two enzymes, α-amylase and glucoamylase, are sufficient to partially hydrolyze glycogen and allow subsequent fermentation to ethanol.
“In fact, two reports found that only two enzymes, i.e., α-amylase and glucoamylase, are sufficient to partially hydrolyze glycogen and allow subsequent fermentation to ethanol.”
From The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol (2016) · cites this paper as Aikawa et al., 2013
Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin, and therefore hydrolysis of glycogen requires the same amylolytic enzymes used to break down starch.
“Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin, and therefore the hydrolysis of glycogen requires the same amylolytic enzymes, which are used to breakdown starch.”
From The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol (2016) · cites this paper as Aikawa et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Aikawa, S., Joseph, A., Yamada, R., Izumi, Y., Yamagishi, T., Matsuda, F., Kawai, H., Chang, J.-S., Hasunuma, T., & Kondo, A.
- Affiliations
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JP)
- Kobe University (JP)
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas (JP)
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Kondo, Akihiko
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energy & Environmental Science
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1844
- ISSN
- 1754-5692 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-5706
- OpenAlex
- W2074789269
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 7.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Energy & Environmental Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cheng Kung University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25840128, 24700455)
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, Arthrospira, bioethanol production, lysozyme, yeast fermentation, halophilic cyanobacteria, photosynthetic microalgae, ethanol yield
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