Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria
Open accessAbstract
Even though technological advances could allow humans to reach Mars in the coming decades, launch costs prohibit the establishment of permanent manned outposts for which most consumables would be sent from Earth. This issue can be addressed by in situ resource utilization: producing part or all of these consumables on Mars, from local resources. Biological components are needed, among other reasons because various resources could be efficiently produced only by the use of biological systems. But most plants and microorganisms are unable to exploit Martian resources, and sending substrates from Earth to support their metabolism would strongly limit the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of their cultivation. However, resources needed to grow specific cyanobacteria are available on Mars due to their photosynthetic abilities, nitrogen-fixing activities and lithotrophic lifestyles. They could be used directly for various applications, including the production of food, fuel and oxygen, but also indirectly: products from their culture could support the growth of other organisms, opening the way to a wide range of life-support biological processes based on Martian resources. Here we give insights into how and why cyanobacteria could play a role in the development of self-sustainable manned outposts on Mars.
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Use of modern photobioreactors that control temperature, humidity, CO2 influx, and illumination could reduce the needed surface significantly.
“It was stated that the use of modern photobioreactors that e.g., control temperature, humidity, CO2 influx and illumination could reduce the needed surface significantly (Verseux et al., 2015).”
From Use of Photobioreactors in Regenerative Life Support Systems for Human Space Exploration (2021) · cites this paper as Verseux et al., 2015
In “Producing food” (page unavailable), the paper estimates about 80 m² of culture per crewmember for respiration needs and says photobioreactor-like systems can dramatically increase O₂ production by optimizing temperature, nutrient flow, cell density and illumination. That supports the proposed reduction in needed surface area, but the passage does not identify humidity or CO₂ influx control as the means of achieving it. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLimnospira cultures are about 2.5 times more productive in tropical environments, and under warm and humid conditions a pond surface of approximately 80 m2 would meet oxygen needs of one crew member.
“It has been found, that Limnospira cultures are about 2.5 times more productive in tropical environments and under these warm and humid conditions, a pond surface of approximately 80 m2 would meet the oxygen needs of one crew member.”
From Use of Photobioreactors in Regenerative Life Support Systems for Human Space Exploration (2021) · cites this paper as Verseux et al., 2015
The Producing food section states that Arthrospira cultures have been reported to be about 2.5 times more productive in the tropics and that about 80 m² of culture per crewmember would cover respiration needs under those conditions. Our copy does not identify those cultures as Limnospira or specify warm, humid conditions, so those details are not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEven with pressurised habitats, farming on Mars will be challenging due to the lack of fertile soil, essential minerals, and the presence of toxic compounds such as perchlorates on the Martian surface.
“but even with pressurised habitats this will be challenging due to the lack of fertile soil, essential minerals, and the presence of toxic compounds such as perchlorates on the Martian surface (Verseux et al., 2016).”
From Cyanobacteria and microalgae in supporting human habitation on Mars (2022) · cites this paper as Verseux et al., 2016
The ‘Supporting plant growth’ section (page unavailable) says Martian regolith needs treatment before growing plants because of toxins, low nutrient bioavailability and poor water-holding capacity. ‘Engineering cyanobacteria’ identifies perchlorates as potentially toxic elements in regolith. But the paper says all nutrients needed to grow plants seem to be present on Mars, so it does not support a lack of essential minerals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCyanobacteria have supported heterotrophic communities for billions of years, colonizing barren environments and creating conditions for higher order life.
“Cyanobacteria have been responsible for supporting heterotrophic communities for billions of years, colonizing barren environments like deserts and creating the conditions for higher order life [25].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The “Feeding other microorganisms” section says cyanobacteria support heterotrophic communities and can be early colonizers of desert habitats, enabling local ecosystems to develop. It does not establish that they have done so for billions of years or that they created the conditions for higher-order life. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHydrogen production by cyanobacteria has been demonstrated but is not high enough to be practical for ISRU applications.
“Hydrogen production by cyanobacteria has been demonstrated but at this point in time is not high enough to be practical for ISRU applications [25].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The “Producing biofuels” section says many cyanobacteria produce hydrogen and that, on Earth, current hydrogen photoproduction is too low for practical applications. It does not establish that production is too low for Mars ISRU: it notes that Martian atmospheric conditions could improve yields and that achievable rates on Mars remain uncertain. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Spirulina and Chlorella are widely understood to be free of these harmful toxins and rendered Generally Recognized as Safe by the FDA.
“Fortunately, Spirulina and Chlorella are widely understood to be free of these harmful toxins and rendered “Generally Recognized as Safe” by the FDA [25,55].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Producing food section says that Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) has a well-characterized lack of toxicity and that its dried biomass is FDA-categorized as GRAS. It mentions Chlorella as a food-source competitor but does not say Chlorella is free of harmful toxins or has FDA GRAS status. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPeriodical delivery of inputs to Mars is economically and operatively unfeasible.
“without even considering that this periodical delivery of inputs is also economically and operatively unfeasible [3,4]”
From Mars Regolith Simulant Ameliorated by Compost as in situ Cultivation Substrate Improves Lettuce Growth and Nutritional Aspects (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that sending all needed resources from Earth does not seem financially sustainable, supporting the economic part of the claim for long-term Mars bases. It also describes resupply as a challenge, but does not establish that periodic deliveries are operationally unfeasible; Future research needs (page unavailable) treats resupply from Earth as an option to compare across mission scenarios. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMars colonization can solely be realized via adaptation of bioregenerative life support systems without umbilical support from Earth, using in situ resources as much as possible and avoiding additional reload due to technical and economic constraints.
“Mars colonization can solely be realized via the adaptation of a bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) without umbilical support from Earth [38], by using in situ resources as much as possible and avoiding any additional reload due to technical and economic constraints [4,39].”
From Mars Regolith Simulant Ameliorated by Compost as in situ Cultivation Substrate Improves Lettuce Growth and Nutritional Aspects (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe provision of terrestrial resources to permanent extra-terrestrial human settlements is not economically sustainable.
“The provision of terrestrial resources to permanent extra-terrestrial human settlements is not economically sustainable (Verseux et al., 2016), not only because of the high cost and resource/energy requirements, but also due to the difficulty and time needed to plan and execute launches (Llorente et al., 2018).”
From The Potential for Lunar and Martian Regolith Simulants to Sustain Plant Growth: A Multidisciplinary Overview (2022) · cites this paper as Verseux et al., 2016
The Introduction says that sending all needed resources from Earth to sustain long-term human bases on Mars does not seem financially sustainable. The cited paper addresses Mars, however, so it does not establish the same conclusion for permanent settlements at all extra-terrestrial locations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMartian regolith contains all of the elements needed by cyanobacteria to grow.
“Martian regolith contains all of the elements that are needed by cyanobacteria to grow (C, H, I, N, P, S, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, Cu, Zn, etc.) [25].”
Overall, methane is a much more attractive solution than LH2 due to the low density of LH2 and increased complexity of LH2 infrastructure among other reasons.
“Overall, methane is a much more attractive solution due to the low density of LH2 and increased complexity of LH2 infrastructure among other reasons [25].”
High concentrations of Vitamin A in Spirulina have introduced limits to the amount able to be consumed in a day.
“High concentrations of Vitamin A in Spirulina, while still an essential molecule, have introduced limits to the amount able to be consumed in a day [25].”
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Duri, L. G., Caporale, A. G., Rouphael, Y., Vingiani, S., Palladino, M., De Pascale, S., & Adamo, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2021.747821 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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“This is partly due to its poor palatability (Verseux et al., 2016), with a flavour that is reported to be earthy and mildly sulfuric.”
InfluentialA Low-Pressure, N2/CO2 Atmosphere Is Suitable for Cyanobacterium-Based Life-Support Systems on Mars
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“, control temperature, humidity, CO2 influx and illumination could reduce the needed surface significantly (Verseux et al., 2015).”
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“High concentrations of Vitamin A in Spirulina, while still an essential molecule, have introduced limits to the amount able to be consumed in a day [25].”
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- Authors
- Verseux, C., Baqué, M., Lehto, K., de Vera, J.-P. P., Rothschild, L. J., & Billi, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Verseux, Cyprien
- Venue
- International Journal of Astrobiology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-08-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-92
- ISSN
- 1473-5504 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-3006
- OpenAlex
- W1957322865
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 280
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Astrobiology (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Yale University
- Universities Space Research Association
- Aalto-Yliopisto
- Ames Research Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space exploration and regulation
- Keywords
- cyanobacteria, in-situ resource utilization, nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, oxygen production, biofuel production, food production
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