Cited by 219Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismLanguage Development and DisordersReading and Literacy Development

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Balancing Bilinguals: Lexical-Semantic Production and Cognitive Processing in Children Learning Spanish and English

Kohnert, Kathryn J., Bates, Elizabeth, Hernandez, Arturo E.·1999·Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

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Abstract

The present study investigated developmental changes in lexical production skills in early sequential bilinguals, in both Spanish (L1) and English (L2), exploring the effects of age, years of experience, and basic-level cognitive processing (specifically the ability to resist interference) within a timed picture-naming task. To assess resistance to interference, naming was compared in low competition (blocked-single language) vs. high competition (mixed-alternating language) conditions. Participants were 100 individuals, 20 at each of 5 different age levels (5-7, 8-10, 11-13, 14-16, & young adults). All had learned Spanish as a first language in the home, with formal English experience beginning at 5 years. Gains were made in both languages across age. However, there was a developmental crossover from Spanish dominance in the youngest children, through a period of relatively balanced Spanish and English skills in middle childhood, culminating in a clear pattern of English dominance among adolescents and young adults. Although all groups experienced a greater slowing of response times in the mixed-language condition relative to the blocked-language condition, developmental changes in the pattern of speed-accuracy trade-offs in the mixed condition can be interpreted to reflect a change in the ability to resist cognitive interference during word production.

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Authors: Kohnert, K. J., Bates, E., & Hernandez, A. E.
Affiliations: San Diego State University (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
University of California, San Diego University of California, Santa Barbara
ORCID: Bates, Elizabeth
Venue: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 42
Issue: 6
Pages: 1400-1413
ISSN: 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
1558-9102
DOI: 10.1044/jslhr.4206.1400
OpenAlex: W2050210904
Cited by: 219
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 3.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P50AG005131, P50-AG05131-11)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Keywords: Spanish-English bilinguals, picture naming, interference resistance, speed-accuracy trade-off, language dominance, developmental changes, reaction time (psychology)
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Cues, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Reaction Time, Semantics, Verbal Learning, Vocabulary, Multilingualism

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Balancing Bilinguals: Lexical-Semantic Production and Cognitive Processing in Children Learning Spanish and English

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