Hierarchical galaxy formation
Open accessAbstract
We describe the GALFORM semi-analytic model for calculating the formation and evolution of galaxies in hierarchical models. It improves upon, and extends, the Cole et al 1994 model. The model employs a new Monte-Carlo algorithm to follow the merging evolution of dark matter halos with arbitrary mass resolution. It incorporates realistic descriptions of the density profiles of dark matter halos and their gas content; follows the chemical evolution of gas and stars, and the associated production of dust; and includes a detailed calculation of the sizes of disks and spheroids. Wherever possible, our prescriptions for modelling individual physical processes are based on results of numerical simulations. We apply our methods to the LCDM cosmology (Omega_0=0.3, Lambda_0=0.7), and find good agreement with a wide range of properties of the local galaxy population: the B-band and K-band luminosity functions, the distribution of colours for the population as a whole, the ratio of ellipticals to spirals, the distribution of disk sizes, and the current cold gas content of disks. (Abridged)
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Weil, M. L., Eke, V. R., & Efstathiou, G. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-8711.1998.t01-1-01931.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Measuring 0 using cluster evolution
Eke, V. R., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., et al. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-8711.1998.01713.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationA Wide-Field [ITAL]K[/ITAL]-band Survey: The Luminosity Function of Galaxies
Gardner, J. P., Sharples, R. M., Frenk, C. S., et al. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/310630 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Core Density of Dark Matter Halos: A Critical Challenge to the ΛCDM Paradigm?
Navarro, J. F., & Steinmetz, M. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308225 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Frenk, C. S., EVRARD, A. E., White, S. D. M., & Summers, F. J. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/178079 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationFormation of Disk Galaxies: Feedback and the Angular Momentum Problem
Sommer‐Larsen, J., Gelato, S., & Vedel, H. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307374 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
A Lower Bound on the Cosmic Baryon Density
Weinberg, D. H., Miralda-Escudé, J., Hernquist, L. E., et al. (1997) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The number, luminosity and mass density of spiral galaxies as a function of surface brightness
McGaugh, S. (1996) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/280.2.337 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Colpi, M., Mayer, L., & Governato, F. (1999) · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Two-fluid simulations of galaxy formation
EVRARD, A. E., Summers, F. J., & Davis, M. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/173700 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A Simulation of Galaxy Formation and Clustering
Pearce, F. R., Jenkins, A. R., Frenk, C. S., et al. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/312196 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationTidally triggered galaxy formation. I - Evolution of the galaxy luminosity function
Lacey, C. G., & Silk, J. I. (1991) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/170625 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationThe structure and clustering of Lyman-break galaxies
Mo, H. J., Mao, S., & White, S. D. M. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02289.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The seeds of rich galaxy clusters in the Universe
Governato, F., Baugh, C. M., Frenk, C. S., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32837 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationA quantitative approach to the topology of large-scale structure
Richard, I. G. J., Weinberg, D. H., & Melott, A. L. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165427 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Wide Field Surveys in Cosmology
Colombi, S., Mellier, Y., & Raban, B. (1998) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Faint galaxy counts in a hierarchical universe
Kauffmann, G., Guiderdoni, B., & White, S. D. M. (1994) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/267.4.981 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The evolution of galactic discs
Mao, S., Mo, H. J., & White, S. D. M. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01766.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A complete galaxy redshift survey - V. Infrared luminosity functions for field galaxies
Mobasher, B., Sharples, R. M., & Ellis, R. S. (1993) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/263.3.560 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hierarchical clustering and the Butcher–Oemler effect
Kauffmann, G. (1995) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/274.1.153 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue
Loveday, J. (1996) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/278.4.1025 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
An imaging K-band survey – II. The redshift survey and galaxy evolution in the infrared
Glazebrook, K., Peacock, J. A., Miller, L., et al. (1995) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/275.1.169 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Modelling the evolution of galaxy clustering
Baugh, C. M., Benson, A., Cole, S., et al. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02590.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamics of Galaxy Interactions
Barnes, J. E. (1998) · Saas-Fee Advanced Course · doi:10.1007/3-540-31630-2_3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A wide-field K-band survey — I. Galaxy counts in B, V, I and K
Gardner, J. P., Sharpies, R. M., Carrasco, B. E., et al. (1996) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/282.1.l1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
An X‐Ray Size‐Temperature Relation for Galaxy Clusters: Observation and Simulation
Mohr, J. J., & EVRARD, A. E. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304957 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The complex cross-spectra of Cygnus X-2 and GX 5-1
van der Klis, M., Hasinger, G., Stella, L., et al. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/184946 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The response of a spheroid to a disc field or were bulges ever ellipticals?
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GALAXY DYNAMICS IN CLUSTERSPreprint
Frenk, C. S., EVRARD, A. E., White, S. D. M., & Summers, F. J. (1995) · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationFormation of Disk Galaxies: Feedback and the Angular Momentum problemPreprint
Sommer-larsen, J., & Vedel, H. (1998) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Structure and Clustering of Lyman Break GalaxiesPreprint
Mo, H. J., Mao, S., White, S. D. M., et al. (1998) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Mean morphological types of bright galaxies
Buta, R., Mitra, S., de Vaucouleurs, G., et al. (1994) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/116838 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Evaluating approximations for halo merging histories
Somerville, R. S., Lemson, G., Kolatt, T., et al. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03467.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The dependence of velocity and clustering statistics on galaxy properties
Benson, A., Baugh, C. M., Cole, S., et al. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03470.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationTime Evolution of Galaxy Formation and Bias in Cosmological Simulations
Blanton, M. R., Cen, R., Ostriker, J. P., Strauss, M. A., & Tegmark, M. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308436 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Tidally triggered galaxy formation. II - Galaxy number counts
Lacey, C. G., Guiderdoni, B., Rocca-Volmerange, B., et al. (1993) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/172109 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationFaint galaxy counts as a function of morphological type in a hierarchical merger model
Baugh, C. M., Cole, S., & Frenk, C. S. (1996) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/282.1.l27 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThe near-infrared Fundamental Plane of elliptical galaxies
Mobasher, B., Guzmán, R., Aragón‐Salamanca, A., et al. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.01260.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Merging history trees of dark matter haloes: a tool for exploring galaxy formation models
Roukema, B. F., Peterson, B. A., Quinn, P. J., & Rocca-Volmerange, B. (1997) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/292.4.835 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Observation of nonthermal energy distributions during the impulsive phase of solar flares
Seely, J. F., Feldman, U., & Doschek, G. A. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165477 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics in cosmology: a comparative study of implementationsPreprint
Thacker, R. J., Tittley, E., Pearce, F. R., et al. (1998) · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics in cosmology: a comparative study of implementations
Thacker, R. J., Tittley, E., Pearce, F. R., et al. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-8711.2000.03927.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Pleiades rapid rotators - Evidence for an evolutionary sequence
Butler, R. P., Marcy, G. W., Cohen, R. D., et al. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/184947 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Large-scale structure in COBE-normalized cold dark matter cosmogonies
Cole, S., Weinberg, D. H., Frenk, C. S., et al. (1997) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/289.1.37 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationSIOPIS, C. V., & Kandrup, H. E. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03740.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
ARossi X‐Ray Timing ExplorerStudy of M87 and the Core of the Virgo Cluster
Reynolds, C. S., Heinz, S., Fabian, A. C., et al. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307538 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The observed properties of high-redshift cluster galaxies
Kauffmann, G. (1995) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/274.1.161 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Galaxy formation in a variety of hierarchical models
Heyl, J., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., et al. (1995) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/274.3.755 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationOvermerging and mass-to-light ratios in phenomenological galaxy formation models
Kampen, E. V., Jiménez, R., & Peacock, J. A. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02955.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kauffmann, G., & Charlot, S. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/187447 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Cepheid distance to the Fornax cluster and the local expansion rate of the Universe
Madore, B. F., Freedman, W. L., Silbermann, N. A., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25678 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kaufman, M., Bash, F. N., C., J. K. R., et al. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165433 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Resonant capture, counter-rotating discs, and polar rings
Tremaine, S. D., & Yu, Q. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03653.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The cosmological dependence of galactic specific angular momenta
Eke, V. R., Efstathiou, G., & Wright, L. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03632.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Burles, S. M., & Tytler, D. (1998) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1005086310712 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Closing In on ΩM: The Amplitude of Mass Fluctuations from Galaxy Clusters and the Lyα Forest
Weinberg, D. H., Croft, R. A. C., Hernquist, L., et al. (1999) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/307669 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The effect of supernova heating on cluster properties and constraints on galaxy formation models
Wu, K., Fabian, A. C., & Nulsen, P. E. J. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02156.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hua, X., & Lingenfelter, R. E. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165478 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Observational constraints on disc galaxy formation
Syer, D., Mao, S., & Mo, H. J. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02402.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
UBVRI photometry of the Durham-AAT redshift survey
Metcalfe, N., Ratcliffe, A., Shanks, T., et al. (1998) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01228.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Large Scale Structure: Tracks and Traces
Muêller, V., Gottloeber, S., Muêcket, J. P., et al. (1998) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
First unambiguous X-ray detection of R Aquarii
Viotti, R., Piro, L., Friedjung, M., et al. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/184945 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Exploring the evolution of spiral galaxies
Bell, E. F., & Bower, R. G. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03878.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant
Freedman, W. L., Mould, J. R., Kennicutt, R. C., et al. (1999) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s007418090013205x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
ROSAT All-Sky Survey X-ray and EUV observations of YY Gem and AU Mic
Tsikoudi, V., & Kellett, B. J. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03905.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Christodoulou, D. M., Shlosman, I., & Tohline, J. E. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/175548 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A physical model for the hard X-ray background
Wilman, R. J., Fabian, A. C., & Nulsen, P. E. J. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03901.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Clark, S., McCall, A., Chrysostomou, A. C., et al. (2000) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03520.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
IRAS 12311−3509: a carbon star with SiC2 emission
Evans, T. L., Hurst, M. E., & Sarre, P. J. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03819.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Measuring 0 from the entropy evolution of clusters
Kay, S. T., & Bower, R. G. (1999) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02745.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Observations of NI II absorption at Z = 2.811 toward the QSO PKS 0528-250
Meyer, D. M., & York, D. G. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/184952 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Were the Lyman-alpha clouds formed from shocks?
Vishniac, E. T., & Bust, G. S. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165429 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Athanassoula, E. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 18
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- Benson A. J., Pearce F. R., Frenk C. S., Baugh C. M., Jenkins A., 2000c, MNRAS, submitted (astro-ph/9912220) · arXiv
- Binney J., Tremaine S., 1987, Galactic Dynamics. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey
- Bower R. G., Benson A. J., Baugh C. M., Cole S., Frenk C. S., Lacey C. G., 2000, MNRAS, submitted (astro-ph/0006109) · arXiv
- Broeils A. H., 1992, PhD thesis, Univ. Groningen
- Buchhorn M., 1992, PhD thesis, Australian National Univ.
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- Granato G. L., Lacey C. G., Silva L., Bressan A., Baugh C. M., Cole S., Frenk C. S., 2000, ApJ, in press (astro-ph/0001308) · arXiv
- Hannay S. et al., 2000, ApJ, submitted (astro-ph/0005123) · arXiv
- Jenkins A., Frenk C. S., White S. D. M., Colberg J. M., Cole S., Evrard A. E., Yoshida N., 2000, MNRAS, in press
- Lange A. E. et al., 2000 (astro-ph/0005004) · arXiv
- Press W. H., Schechter P., 1974, ApJ, 187, 425
- Sellwood J. A., 1999, in Sellwood J. A., Goodman J., eds, Astrophysical Discs - An EC Summer School, ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 160. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p. 327
- Somerville R. S., 1997, PhD thesis, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz
- Thacker R. J., Tittley E. R., Pearce F. R., Couchman H. M. P., Thomas P. A., 2000, MNRAS, submitted (astro-ph/9809221) · arXiv
- Wu K. K. S., Fabian A. C., Nulsen P. E. J., 2000, MNRAS, submitted (astro-ph/9907112) · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
Crain, R. A., Schaye, J., Bower, R. G., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Theuns, T., Dalla Vecchia, C., Frenk, C. S., McCarthy, I. G., Helly, J. C., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv725 · Cited by 1,451 · see citing works
Self-citationColours and luminosities of <i>z</i> = 0.1 galaxies in the eagle simulation
Trayford, J. W., Theuns, T., Bower, R. G., Schaye, J., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Frenk, C. S., Crain, R. A., Vecchia, C. D., & McCarthy, I. G. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1461 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationGalaxy-induced transformation of dark matter haloes: Transformations of CDM haloes
Abadi, M. G., Navarro, J. F., Fardal, M., Babul, A., & Steinmetz, M. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16912.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The missing massive satellites of the Milky Way
Wang, J., Frenk, C. S., Navarro, J. F., Gao, L., & Sawala, T. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21357.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Compression of Dark Matter Halos by Baryonic Infall
Sellwood, J. A., & McGaugh, S. S. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/491731 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Copernicus Complexio: a high-resolution view of the small-scale Universe
Hellwing, W. A., Frenk, C. S., Cautun, M., Bose, S., Helly, J., Jenkins, A., Sawala, T., & Cytowski, M. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw214 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring the Growth Rate of Structure with Type IA Supernovae from LSST
Howlett, C., Robotham, A. S. G., Lagos, C. D. P., & Kim, A. G. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa88c8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Streams in the Aquarius stellar haloes
Gómez, F. A., Helmi, A., Cooper, A. P., Frenk, C. S., Navarro, J. F., & White, S. D. M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1838 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of tidal features in deep optical galaxy images with convolutional neural networks
Sánchez, H. D., Martin, G., Damjanov, I., Buitrago, F., Huertas-Company, M., Bottrell, C., Bernardi, M., Knapen, J. H., Vega-Ferrero, J., Hausen, R., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad750 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Massive Early-type Galaxies in the HSC-SSP: Flux Fraction of Tidal Features and Merger Rates
Huang 黄, Q. 齐., & Fan 范, L. 璐. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac85b1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Desmons, A., Brough, S., Martínez-Lombilla, C., De Propris, R., Holwerda, B., & López-Sánchez, Á. R. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1639 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Detecting galaxy tidal features using self-supervised representation learning
Desmons, A., Brough, S., & Lanusse, F. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1402 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cole, S., Lacey, C. G., Baugh, C. M., & Frenk, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Cole, Shaun
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-04-04
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 168-204
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W1929623410
- Cited by
- 1,952
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 81 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 78.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- hierarchical galaxy formation, dark matter halo mergers, halo density profiles, dust formation, luminosity function, galaxy color
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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