Global Burden of 5 Major Types of Gastrointestinal Cancer
Open accessAbstract
Background & aims There were an estimated 4.8 million new cases of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and 3.4 million related deaths, worldwide, in 2018. GI cancers account for 26% of the global cancer incidence and 35% of all cancer-related deaths. We investigated the global burden from the 5 major GI cancers, as well as geographic and temporal trends in cancer-specific incidence and mortality. Methods Data on primary cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, and pancreas were extracted from the GLOBOCAN database for the year 2018, as well as from the Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents series, and the World Health Organization mortality database from 1960 onward. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated by sex, country, and level of human development. Results We observed geographic and temporal variations in incidence and mortality for all 5 types of GI cancers. Esophageal, gastric, and liver cancers were more common in Asia than in other parts of the world, and the burden from colorectal and pancreatic cancers was highest in Europe and North America. There was a uniform decrease in gastric cancer incidence, but an increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in formerly low-incidence regions during the studied time period. We found slight increases in incidence of liver and pancreatic cancer in some high-income regions. Conclusions Although the incidence of some GI cancer types has decreased, this group of malignancies continues to pose major challenges to public health. Primary and secondary prevention measures are important for controlling these malignancies-most importantly reducing consumption of tobacco and alcohol, obesity control, immunizing populations against hepatitis B virus infection, and screening for colorectal cancer.
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Colorectal cancer incidence rates have been steadily rising in countries undergoing major transition, including countries in Eastern Europe, South-Eastern and South-Central Asia, and South America.
“colorectal cancer incidence rates have been steadily rising in countries undergoing major transition, 61,62 including countries in Eastern Europe, South-Eastern and South-Central Asia, and South America.63,64”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
The Results & Discussion section on colorectal cancer (page not available) says incidence is rising rapidly in many less-developed countries, particularly in Eastern Europe, Asia, and South America. It does not specifically identify South-Eastern or South-Central Asia as regions with rising rates; its mention of South-Central Asia concerns its low incidence rate, not a trend. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWith declines in the population seroprevalence of HBV and HCV, as well as a reduction in aflatoxin exposure, liver cancer rates have been declining steadily in many high-risk countries in East and South-Eastern Asia since the late 1970s and in Japan and China since the 1990s.
“With declines in the population seroprevalence of HBV and HCV, as well as a reduction in aflatoxin exposure, liver cancer rates have been declining steadily in many high-risk countries in East and South-Eastern Asia since the late 1970s and in Japan and China since the 1990s.63,125,126”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe declines in colorectal cancer incidence in many high-incidence countries over the last decades have been considered the result of population-level shifts toward a healthier lifestyle and the introduction of screening.
“The declines in colorectal cancer incidence in many high-incidence countries over the last decades have been considered the result of population-level shifts toward a healthier lifestyle (e.g., increased access to sources of fiber, such as fruits and vegetables) and the introduction of screening, 63,70”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Arnold, M., Abnet, C. C., Neale, R. E., Vignat, J., Giovannucci, E. L., McGlynn, K. A., & Bray, F.
- Affiliations
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnold, Melina
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 335-349.e15
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8630546
- OpenAlex
- W3014713533
- Cited by
- 2,027
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 246 · 2025: 450 · 2024: 447 · 2023: 378 · 2022: 296 · 2021: 165 · 2020: 43 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 79.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (Z01CP000185)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal cancer, global cancer burden, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, regional variation, temporal trends, human development, cancer prevention, hepatitis B vaccination, colorectal cancer screening, alcohol and tobacco use, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, Aged, Americas, Asia, Europe, Female, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Geography, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Mass Screening, Mortality, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Global Health, Incidence, Databases, Factual, Australasia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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