Exploring the therapeutic potential of Ayahuasca: acute intake increases mindfulness-related capacities
Abstract
Background Ayahuasca is a psychotropic plant tea used for ritual purposes by the indigenous populations of the Amazon. In the last two decades, its use has expanded worldwide. The tea contains the psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), plus β-carboline alkaloids with monoamine-oxidase-inhibiting properties. Acute administration induces an introspective dream-like experience characterized by visions and autobiographic and emotional memories. Studies of long-term users have suggested its therapeutic potential, reporting that its use has helped individuals abandon the consumption of addictive drugs. Furthermore, recent open-label studies in patients with treatment-resistant depression found that a single ayahuasca dose induced a rapid antidepressant effect that was maintained weeks after administration. Here, we conducted an exploratory study of the psychological mechanisms that could underlie the beneficial effects of ayahuasca.Methods We assessed a group of 25 individuals before and 24 h after an ayahuasca session using two instruments designed to measure mindfulness capacities: The Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Experiences Questionnaire (EQ).Results Ayahuasca intake led to significant increases in two facets of the FFMQ indicating a reduction in judgmental processing of experiences and in inner reactivity. It also led to a significant increase in decentering ability as measured by the EQ. These changes are classic goals of conventional mindfulness training, and the scores obtained are in the range of those observed after extensive mindfulness practice.Conclusions The present findings support the claim that ayahuasca has therapeutic potential and suggest that this potential is due to an increase in mindfulness capacities.
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Decentering has been found to be dispositionally higher in ayahuasca users and shows evidence of being elevated 24 h post-ayahuasca.
“Decentering has been found to be dispositionally higher in ayahuasca users (Franquesa et al., 2018) and shows evidence of being elevated 24 h post-ayahuasca (Murphy-Beiner and Soar, 2020; Soler et al., 2016).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Soler et al., 2016
Acute ayahuasca intoxication increases mindfulness-related capacities.
“bolstered by the finding that acute ayahuasca intoxication increases mindfulness-related capacities (Soler et al. 2016).”
From Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience (2017) · cites this paper as Soler et al. 2016
Psychedelics increase trait mindfulness and the skills of nonjudgement, compassion, and non-reactivity.
“Moreover, psychedelics have been found to increase trait mindfulness, and the skills of nonjudgement, compassion and non-reactivity [56, 57].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
Macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness.
“as macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness (Madsen et al. 2020;Soler et al. 2016;Uthaug et al. 2019)”
From Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study (2023) · cites this paper as Soler et al. 2016
Recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of various psychedelics to enhance trait mindfulness post-acutely, even in the absence of a theoretical or practical context of mindfulness training.
“Recent studies have also demonstrated the capacity of various psychedelics to enhance trait mindfulness post-acutely, even in the absence of a theoretical or practical context of mindfulness training, evidencing a complementary relationship between mindfulness-training and psychedelics (40, 52, 56–59).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Spontaneous enhancements in trait mindfulness have been reported following the administration of various psychedelics, even outside of a mindfulness-enhancing context.
“Spontaneous enhancements in trait mindfulness have also been reported following the administration of various psychedelics, even outside of a mindfulness-enhancing context (40, 52, 56–59).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Post-acute enhancements in decentring were demonstrated following ayahuasca administration.
“Post-acute enhancements in decentring, referring to the capacity to observe one's inner experiences in a detached manner, similarly to non-attachment, were demonstrated following ayahuasca administration (56, 57).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Enhanced acceptance towards present-moment thoughts and emotions has been observed post-acutely following the administration of ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT, which was maintained for up to 1 month.
“Furthermore, enhanced acceptance towards present-moment thoughts and emotions has been observed post-acutely following the administration of ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT, which was maintained for up to 1 month (40, 52, 56–59).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Ayahuasca administration led to increases in the MINDSENS composite index, which is particularly sensitive to the effects of meditation practise.
“A particularly striking result was that ayahuasca administration led to increases in the MINDSENS composite index (56, 57), which is particularly sensitive to the effects of meditation practise (52, 98).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Enhanced scores in trait mindfulness achieved in some studies after psychedelic administration were comparable and, in some cases, higher than those reported by a sample of long-term mindfulness meditators.
“The enhanced scores in trait mindfulness achieved in some studies after psychedelic administration (56, 57) were comparable and, in some cases, higher than those reported by a sample of long-term mindfulness meditators (98).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
The result that only users with more than 15 occasions scored higher in Decentering is in consonance with the only previous study using a measurement of Decentering where an improvement was found 24 hours after an ayahuasca experience compared with baseline.
“This result is in consonance with the only previous study using a measurement of Decentering where an improvement was found 24 hours after an ayahuasca experience compared with baseline (Soler et al., 2016).”
From Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach (2018) · cites this paper as Soler et al., 2016
Psychological therapeutic benefits of ayahuasca emphasize induction of an introspective dream-like experience characterized by visions, autobiographic and emotional memories which increase mindfulness capacities, as well as intellectual and spiritual insights.
“Considering the psychological therapeutic benefits, the emphasis is on the induction of an introspective dream-like experience characterized by visions, autobiographic and emotional memories which increase mindfulness capacities (Soler et al., 2015), as well as on the intellectual and spiritual insights gained during the encounters with ayahuasca.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as Soler et al., 2015
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“While very interesting and relevant in light of current developments psychedelic research, lacking here is a firm theoretical ground of such implications, as none of those studies has directly tested potential applications of a combination of both MM and psilocybin in the treatment of depression (69, 104).”
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Self-citationThe Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
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“, 2018) and shows evidence of being elevated 24 h post-ayahuasca (Murphy-Beiner and Soar, 2020; Soler et al., 2016).”
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Self-citationAyahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects
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“Moreover, psychedelics have been found to increase trait mindfulness, and the skills of nonjudgement, compassion and non-reactivity [56, 57].”
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Self-citationEffects of DMT on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers
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“Post-acute enhancements in decentring, referring to the capacity to observe one’s inner experiences in a detached manner, similarly to non-attachment, were demonstrated following ayahuasca administration (56, 57).”
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Self-citationN,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
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Ayahuasca may help to improve self‐compassion and self‐criticism capacities
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- Authors
- Soler, J., Elices, M., Franquesa, A., Barker, S., Friedlander, P., Feilding, A., Pascual, J. C., & Riba, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Beckley Foundation (GB)
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2015-11-27
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 823-829
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2173679640
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 16.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, mindfulness, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-HT2A receptor agonists, β-carbolines, decentering, psychedelic therapy, treatment-resistant depression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carbolines, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Middle Aged, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Plant Extracts, Surveys and Questionnaires, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Banisteriopsis, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Mindfulness
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