Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation
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Research in social epidemiology suggests that the absence of positive social relationships is a significant risk factor for broad‐based morbidity and mortality. The nature of these social relationships and the mechanisms underlying this association are of increasing interest as the population gets older and the health care costs associated with chronic disease escalate in industrialized countries. We review selected evidence on the nature of social relationships and focus on one particular facet of the connection continuum – the extent to which an individual feels isolated (i.e., feels lonely) in a social world. Evidence indicates that loneliness heightens sensitivity to social threats and motivates the renewal of social connections, but it can also impair executive functioning, sleep, and mental and physical well‐being. Together, these effects contribute to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in lonely older adults.
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Perceived support and loneliness have been linked to differences in basal cortisol, which affects immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes relevant to ADRD risk in older adults.
“For example, perceived social support and loneliness have been associated with variation in basal cortisol, which influences immune system, metabolic, and cardiovascular outcomes implicated in ADRD risk in older adults.39,40”
From Why the cognitive ‘fountain of youth’ may be upstream: pathways to dementia risk and resilience through social connectedness (2022) · cites this paper as [39]
The number and quality of social relationships have substantial impacts on health, well-being, and longevity, and, at least in animals, on reproductive fitness.
“There is growing evidence that the number and quality of social relationships have substantial impacts on health, well-being, and longevity, and, at least in animals, on reproductive fitness.”
From Variation in the β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine receptor genes is associated with different dimensions of human sociality (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cacioppo, John T.
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 58-72
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4021390
- OpenAlex
- W1553108391
- Cited by
- 1,057
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 47.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Society for Social Neuroscience
- Society for Personality and Social Psychology
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG018911, R37AG033590, R01AG034052, R01AG033590)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, interpersonal relationships, social epidemiology, health risk factors, older adults, executive function, sleep, mental health, physical health, chronic disease, social danger, social connectedness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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