Spirulina Promotes Stem Cell Genesis and Protects against LPS Induced Declines in Neural Stem Cell Proliferation
Open accessAbstract
Adult stem cells are present in many tissues including, skin, muscle, adipose, bone marrow, and in the brain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain. Recently we demonstrated that decreasing a key neuroinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged rats reversed the age-related cognitive decline and increased neurogenesis in the age rats. We also have found that nutraceuticals have the potential to reduce neuroinflammation, and decrease oxidative stress. The objectives of this study were to determine if spirulina could protect the proliferative potential of hippocampal neural progenitor cells from an acute systemic inflammatory insult of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To this end, young rats were fed for 30 days a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.1% spirulina. On day 28 the rats were given a single i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The following day the rats were injected with BrdU (50 mg/kg b.i.d. i.p.) and were sacrificed 24 hours after the first injection of BrdU. Quantification of the BrdU positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus demonstrated a decrease in proliferation of the stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus as a result of the LPS insult. Furthermore, the diet supplemented with spirulina was able to negate the LPS induced decrease in stem/progenitor cell proliferation. In a second set of studies we examined the effects of spirulina either alone or in combination with a proprietary formulation (NT-020) of blueberry, green tea, vitamin D3 and carnosine on the function of bone marrow and CD34+ cells in vitro. Spirulina had small effects on its own and more than additive effects in combination with NT-020 to promote mitochondrial respiration and/or proliferation of these cells in culture. When examined on neural stem cells in culture spirulina increased proliferation at baseline and protected against the negative influence of TNFalpha to reduce neural stem cell proliferation. These results support the hypothesis that a diet enriched with spirulina and other nutraceuticals may help protect the stem/progenitor cells from insults.
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Spirulina has a significant protective effect on hippocampus neural progenitor cells (NPCs) against LPS-induced acute systemic inflammatory response.
“Another study showed that Spirulina has a significant protective effect on hippocampus neural progenitor cells (NPCs) against LPS-induced acute systemic inflammatory response.”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
Diet supplemented with Spirulina before LPS administration prevents LPS-induced reduction in NPC proliferation and astrogliosis, evaluated by studying the expression of GFAP.
“However, diet supplemented with Spirulina before LPS administration prevents LPS-induced reduction in NPC proliferation and astrogliosis, evaluated by studying the expression of GFAP [102].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
LPS insult causes increased astrogliosis with prominent activation of GFAP in existing cells and decreased proliferation of NPCs.
“LPS insult causes increased astrogliosis with prominent activation of GFAP in existing cells and decreased proliferation of NPCs.”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Bachstetter, A. D., Jernberg, J., Schlunk, A., Vila, J. L., Hudson, C., Cole, M. J., Shytle, R. D., Tan, J., Sanberg, P. R., Sanberg, C. D., Borlongan, C., Kaneko, Y., Tajiri, N., Gemma, C., & Bickford, P. C.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bickford, Paula C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-05-05
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e10496
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2864748
- OpenAlex
- W2075851787
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG024165, P01 AG04418, P01AG004418)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Spirulina, neuroinflammation, lipopolysaccharide, neural stem cell proliferation, nutraceuticals, dietary supplementation, mitochondrial respiration, CD34+ cells, bone marrow, TNF-α, oxidative stress, BrdU labeling, subgranular zone, dentate gyrus, blueberry, green tea, vitamin D3, carnosine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bromodeoxyuridine, Cells, Cultured, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Hippocampus, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Mitochondria, Neurons, Rats, Inbred F344, Stem Cells, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Microglia, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Rats, Spirulina
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