Cocaine and Other Stimulants
Abstract
SENSATIONALISM and shifting acceptance of drug use have influenced much of what has been written about cocaine. This review attempts a reasoned psychiatric appraisal of the prototypical abused psychomotor stimulants, cocaine and the amphetamines. We review the historical and epidemiologic features of the recent upsurge in cocaine abuse, summarize clinical psychiatric observations about stimulant abuse and emerging treatment approaches, and describe new perceptions of the biologic nature of stimulant addiction. Because emergency medical treatment of stimulant overdose and medical complications of cocaine and amphetamine abuse have been reviewed recently,1 2 3 4 we have excluded these topics.Recent History and EpidemiologySeven years . . .
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Blood pressure elevation from cocaine is caused by increased central sympathetic outflow and blockade of neuronal norepinephrine reuptake, resulting in neurotransmitter accumulation in the synaptic cleft with resulting intense sympathetic activation.
“BP elevation is caused by increased central sympathetic outflow and blockade of neuronal norepinephrine reuptake, resulting in neurotransmitter accumulation in the synaptic cleft with resulting intense sympathetic activation.239”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [239]
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Srisurapanont, M., Jarusuraisin, N., & Jittiwutikan, J. (1999) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00518.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Psychosocial interventions for stimulant use disorder
Minozzi, S., Saulle, R., Amato, L., Traccis, F., & Agabio, R. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011866.pub3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Gawin, F. H., & Ellinwood, E. H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1988-05-05
- Volume
- 318
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1173-1182
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2050691698
- Cited by
- 965
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 17.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
- Keywords
- cocaine, amphetamine, psychostimulants, stimulant abuse, stimulant use disorder
- MeSH terms
- Cocaine, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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