Time course of transient behavioral depression and persistent behavioral sensitization in relation to regional brain monoamine concentrations during amphetamine withdrawal in rats.
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This experiment was designed to characterize the withdrawal syndrome produced by discontiuation of treatment with escalating, non-neurotoxic doses of d-amphetamine (AMPH). AMPH withdrawal was associated with both transient and persistent changes in behavior and postmortem brain tissue catecholamine concentrations. During the first week of withdrawal rats showed a significant decrease in spontaneous nocturnal locomotor activity. This behavioral depression was most pronounced on the first 2 days after the discontinuation of AMPH pretreatment, was still evident after 1 week, but had dissipated by 4 weeks. Behavioral depression was not due to a simple motor deficit, because AMPH-pretreated animals showed a normal large increase in locomotion when the lights initially went out, but they did not sustain relatively high levels of locomotor activity throughout the night, or show the early morning rise in activity characteristic of controls. Behavioral depression was associated with the transient decrease in the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, and a transient decrease in the ability of an AMPH challenge to alter dopamine (DA) concentrations in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. AMPH pretreatment also produced persistent changes in brain and behavior. The persistent effects of AMPH were not evident in spontaneous locomotor activity, but were revealed by a subsequent challenge injection of AMPH. AMPH pretreated animals were markedly hyper-responsive to the stereotypy-producing effects of an AMPH challenge. This behavioral sensitization was not fully developed until 2 weeks after the discontinuation of AMPH pretreatment, but then persisted undiminished for at least 1 year. It is suggested that the transient changes in brain and behavior described here may represent an animal analogue of the "distress syndrome" seen in humans during AMPH withdrawal, which is associated with symptoms of depression and alterations in catecholamine function. On the other hand, persistent behavioral sensitization may be analogous to the enduring hypersensitivity to the psychotogenic effects of AMPH seen in former AMPH addicts.
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Neural sensitization grows or 'incubates' over weeks of drug abstinence, so that craving becomes stronger, and once sensitization emerges it can last years in animals and humans.
“That is because neural sensitization grows or ‘incubates’ over weeks of drug abstinence, so that craving becomes stronger, and once sensitization emerges it can last years in animals and humans (Paulson et al., 1991; Boileau et al., 2006; Li et al., 2015).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Paulson et al., 1991
Rats pretreated with amphetamine exhibited sensitization an entire year after the pretreatment was discontinued.
“A study by Paulson and colleagues showed that when rats were pretreated with amphetamine, they exhibited sensitization an entire year after the pretreatment was discontinued (Paulson, Camp, & Robinson, 1991).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Paulson, Camp, & Robinson, 1991
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- Authors
- Paulson, P. E., Camp, D. M., & Robinson, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- ORCID
- Robinson, Terry E.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 1991-04
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 480-492
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC1865099
- OpenAlex
- W2032436575
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (04294)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA004294)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- amphetamine withdrawal, behavioral sensitization, depression-like behavior, monoamines, norepinephrine, dopamine, hypothalamus, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, locomotor activity, stereotypy, amphetamine dependence
- MeSH terms
- Amphetamine, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Chemistry, Depression, Chemical, Dopamine, Female, Norepinephrine, Stereotyped Behavior, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Time Factors, Biogenic Monoamines, Rats
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