The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: High sodium intake increases blood pressure, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the effects of sodium intake on global cardiovascular mortality are uncertain. METHODS: We collected data from surveys on sodium intake as determined by urinary excretion and diet in persons from 66 countries (accounting for 74.1% of adults throughout the world), and we used these data to quantify the global consumption of sodium according to age, sex, and country. The effects of sodium on blood pressure, according to age, race, and the presence or absence of hypertension, were calculated from data in a new meta-analysis of 107 randomized interventions, and the effects of blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality, according to age, were calculated from a meta-analysis of cohorts. Cause-specific mortality was derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Using comparative risk assessment, we estimated the cardiovascular effects of current sodium intake, as compared with a reference intake of 2.0 g of sodium per day, according to age, sex, and country. RESULTS: In 2010, the estimated mean level of global sodium consumption was 3.95 g per day, and regional mean levels ranged from 2.18 to 5.51 g per day. Globally, 1.65 million annual deaths from cardiovascular causes (95% uncertainty interval [confidence interval], 1.10 million to 2.22 million) were attributed to sodium intake above the reference level; 61.9% of these deaths occurred in men and 38.1% occurred in women. These deaths accounted for nearly 1 of every 10 deaths from cardiovascular causes (9.5%). Four of every 5 deaths (84.3%) occurred in low- and middle-income countries, and 2 of every 5 deaths (40.4%) were premature (before 70 years of age). The rate of death from cardiovascular causes associated with sodium intake above the reference level was highest in the country of Georgia and lowest in Kenya. CONCLUSIONS: In this modeling study, 1.65 million deaths from cardiovascular causes that occurred in 2010 were attributed to sodium consumption above a reference level of 2.0 g per day. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from a shortened version of the paper’s full text (it is longer than we read).
TL;DR
This is the supplementary appendix to Mozaffarian et al. (NEJM 2014), documenting the methods and results of a global comparative risk assessment of sodium consumption and cardiovascular mortality. It reports that in 2010, 1.65 million CVD deaths (9.5% of all CVD deaths) worldwide were attributed to sodium intake above a 2.0 g/d reference level.
Key findings
- Global mean sodium intake in 2010 was 4.0 g/d (95% UI 3.9–4.0); sodium above 2 g/d was attributed to 1,648 thousand CVD deaths (95% UI 1,095–2,223), or 9.5% of total CVD deaths (95% UI 6.4–12.8) (Table S4).
- Among premature CVD deaths (before age 70), 17.8% globally were attributed to sodium above the reference level (95% UI 12.3–23.1); the proportion was highest in upper-middle-income countries (21.6%), similar in lower-middle-income (15.3%) and high-income (15.8%) countries, and lowest in low-income countries (12.5%) (Text S8).
- Among the 30 most populous nations, the highest absolute sodium-associated CVD mortality was in Ukraine (1,540 deaths/million adults/year; 95% UI 1,017–2,099), Russia (1,316; 873–1,781), and Egypt (570; 370–761); the US had 284/million (184–394), or 6.3% of CVD deaths (4.1–8.7%), while the highest proportional burdens were in China (15.3%; 10.5–20.2), the Philippines (15.2%), and Myanmar (15.1%) (Text S9).
- In a de novo meta-analysis of 103 randomized trials (107 comparisons; 6,970 subjects), each 100 mmol/d sodium reduction lowered systolic BP by 3.74 mm Hg (95% CI 2.29–5.18) in white normotensives at age 50, with larger reductions per year of age (0.105 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.047–0.164), among Blacks (+2.49 mm Hg; 0.13–4.85), and among hypertensives (+1.87 mm Hg; 0.12–3.63) (Text S1, Figure S2).
Methods
- Design: comparative risk assessment combining country-, age-, and sex-specific sodium intake, blood pressure, relative risks, and cause-specific mortality to estimate population-attributable fractions above a reference intake of 2.0 ± 0.2 g/d, with no further benefit quantified below 115 mm Hg systolic BP (Text S7).
- Data: sodium intake from 24-hour urinary and dietary surveys (1,348 age- and sex-specific data points from 63 countries, 40% nationally representative, covering 74% of the world's adult population) pooled with DisMod3; BP from 786 country-years and 5.4 million participants; mortality from the 2010 GBD study across 187 countries (Text S1, S5, S6; Table S1).
- Analysis: de novo inverse-variance-weighted meta-regression of sodium reduction on systolic BP; age-specific relative risks of BP on CVD interpolated from two pooling projects (99 cohorts, 1.38 million participants, 65,000 CVD events); uncertainty propagated via 1,000 simulation draws (Text S1, S2, S7).
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: 24-hour urine collections and diet questionnaires estimate population mean intakes reasonably but poorly measure individual intakes, which could bias or substantially underestimate associations with disease risk; limited information from clinical CVD event studies precludes strong conclusions about more substantial sodium reduction (e.g., to 1.5 or 1.0 g/d); and other physiologic benefits of sodium reduction beyond BP were not incorporated, which could lead to underestimation of attributable deaths (Text S3).
- Evident from the text: this document is the supplementary appendix rather than the main article, so the primary results, figures, and discussion of the published paper are not included here; several key inputs (e.g., the sodium intake estimates and the BP–CVD pooling analyses) are drawn from previously published work rather than generated de novo in this analysis.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
94 Own result · 44 Not checked yet · 12 No basis given · 11 Own method · 11 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“a few trials found that BP-lowering effects of sodium restriction were similar in subjects taking or not taking anti-hypertensives.[10][11][12][13]”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [10] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that randomized trials found lower-salt diets reduce blood pressure. Neither it nor the Methods passages compare the blood-pressure effect in people taking versus not taking antihypertensive medication; the paper’s medication comparison concerns projected cardiovascular outcomes instead. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subjects and methods section (page unavailable) assumes that reducing salt intake lowers systolic blood pressure. It does not report trials comparing that effect in people taking versus not taking antihypertensive medication, so the claimed similarity between those groups is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, for a white, normotensive population at age 50, each 100 mmol/d sodium reduction lowered systolic BP by 3.74 mm Hg (95%CI: 2.29, 5.18).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar findings were seen when using all 169 randomized comparisons, with joint interactions by age, hypertension, and race (P-interaction<0.001,0.004, and 0.007, respectively).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evaluated using inverse-variance weighted meta-regression, each 100 mmol/d reduction lowered BP by 3.82 mm Hg (95% CI: 3.08, 4.55).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For every year above or below age 50, there was 0.105 mm Hg (95%CI: 0.047, 0.164) larger or smaller BP reduction, respectively”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For every year above or below age 50, there was 0.124 mm Hg (95%CI: 0.079, 0.169) larger or smaller BP reduction, respectively.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For a white, normotensive population at age 50, 100 mmol/d lower sodium intake reduced systolic BP by 3.39 mm Hg (95%CI: 2.31, 4.47).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we evaluated premature CVD deaths (before age 70), nearly 1 in 5 (17.8%) globally in 2010 were attributed to sodium intake above the reference level (95% uncertainty interval: 12.3 to 23.1%) (Table S4).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S8. Premature Cardiovascular Mortality Attributed to Sodium Consumption > 2 g/d
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The effects of sodium consumption on BP and the effects of BP on each disease outcome are log-normally distributed.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The distribution of sodium consumption for each country-age-sex group is characterized by its mean and standard error.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age 70+ y 524 4.1 (4.0, 4.1) 143 (131, 155) 582627 (388554, 785664) 563439 (381418, 752761) 239491 (165985, 312299) 1385557 (935956, 1850724) 1115 (744, 1504) 1078 (730, 1441) 458 (318, 598) 2652 (1791, 3542) 11.1 (7.5, 15.1) 12.4 (8.4,16.5) 13.1 (9.1, 17.0) 12.0 (8.1, 16.0)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower-middle income countries 1210 3.4 (2.6, 4.1) 135 (125, 145) 221 (147, 301) 169 (114, 224) 80 (54, 106) 470 (314, 631) 182 (121, 249) 70 (47, 93) 9 (6, 12) 39 (26, 52) 10.1 (6.7, 13.8) 11.0 (7.5, 14.5) 11.1 (7.5, 14.7) 10.6 (7.1, 14.1)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included national surveys and data sources are representative of global sodium consumption.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 42
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified significant independent interaction by age (Figure S2), hypertensive status, and race (P-interaction<0.001,0.036, and 0.039, respectively), but not study duration (P-interaction=0.88).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the primary analysis of 107 randomized group comparisons, there was strong evidence for a linear effect (P linearity<0.001)and no significant evidence for a nonlinear effect (P nonlinearity=0.58)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, BP reduction was 1.90 mm Hg greater among hypertensives (95%CI: 0.61, 3.20), and 2.49 mm Hg greater among Blacks (95%CI: 0.68, 4.30).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, there was 2.49 mm Hg greater reduction among Blacks (95%CI: 0.13, 4.85), and 1.87 mm Hg greater reduction among hypertensives (95%CI: 0.12, 3.63).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of prospective cohorts found that higher sodium intake was associated with higher risk of total stroke (10 cohorts; RR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.43), stroke death (3 cohorts; RR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.27, 2.10), and CHD death (3 cohorts; RR=1.32, 95%CI: 1.13, 1.53), but not total CHD (6 cohorts; RR=1.04, 95%CI: 0.86, 1.24).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The final age patterns were similar to prior estimated patterns, 17 but with slightly less steep age effect at younger ages (resulting in modestly smaller estimated burdens at younger ages).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S2. Effects of Blood Pressure on Deaths from Cardiovascular Diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worldwide 3830 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 134 (125, 144) 968873 (624459, 1344883) 944251 (636186, 1262834) 389569 (268284, 508400) 2302693 (1548094, 3072643) 667 (416, 947) 493 (326, 671) 247 (168, 327) 1407 (923, 1915) 15.1 (9.9, 20.8) 18.7 (12.6, 24.9) 12.7 (8.7, 16.8) 14.0 (9.5, 18.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High income countries ‡ 763 3.9 (3.3, 4.5) 134 (125, 143) 188949 (127179, 255552) 103023 (68736, 137625) 76863 (53289, 100973) 368835 (249204, 494150) 250 (168, 339) 68 (46, 91) 15 (10, 19) 49 (33, 66) 10.5 (7.1, 14.3) 10.3 (6.9, 13.8) 10.7 (7.4,13.9) 10.5 (7.1, 14.0)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men 1890 4.1 (4.0, 4.2) 135 (126, 145) 441 (287, 610) 420 (281, 564) 159 (109, 209) 1020 (685, 1370) 600 (380, 845) 417 (274, 568) 196 (133, 261) 1213 (794, 1654) 11.7 (7.6, 16.2) 14.7 (9.8, 19.9) 9.9 (6.7, 13.2) 10.9 (7.4,14.7)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The included national surveys and data sources are representative of global sodium consumption.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worldwide 3830 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 134 (125, 144) 968873 (624459, 1344883) 944251 (636186, 1262834) 389569 (268284, 508400) 2302693 (1548094, 3072643) 667 (416, 947) 493 (326, 671) 247 (168, 327) 1407 (923, 1915) 15.1 (9.9, 20.8) 18.7 (12.6, 24.9) 12.7 (8.7, 16.8) 14.0 (9.5, 18.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect modification by race/ethnicity and sex were assessed but were not found to be statistically significant.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men 1890 4.1 (4.0, 4.2) 135 (126, 145) 608640 (400856, 832649) 562870 (382468, 745655) 217531 (151058, 282235) 1389040 (943713, 1842748) 849 (543, 1185) 589 (392, 794) 278 (191, 365) 1715 (1135, 2318) 16.9 (11.2, 23.1) 20.9 (14.2, 27.8) 14.2 (9.8, 18.7) 15.7 (10.7, 20.8)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upper-middle income countries 1530 3.6 (2.9, 4.3) 136 (126, 146) 420467 (288203, 556701) 531624 (366051, 699117) 167546 (118468, 215493) 1119637 (772721, 1471311) 275 (189, 365) 174 (120, 229) 16 (11, 20) 73 (51, 96) 15.6 (10.7, 20.6) 18.5 (12.7, 24.2) 18.1 (12.9, 23.2) 17.2 (12.0, 22.5)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age <=69 y 3300 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 126 (118, 133) 386246 (268366, 499623) 380812 (272319, 485086) 150078 (106095, 191863) 917136 (646780, 1176572) 117 (81, 152) 116 (83, 147) 46 (32, 58) 278 (196, 357) 22.1 (15.3, 28.6) 30.3 (21.7, 38.7) 20.4 (14.4,26.1) 24.5 (17.4,31.4)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worldwide 3830 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 134 (125, 144) 968873 (624459, 1344883) 944251 (636186, 1262834) 389569 (268284, 508400) 2302693 (1548094, 3072643) 667 (416, 947) 493 (326, 671) 247 (168, 327) 1407 (923, 1915) 15.1 (9.9, 20.8) 18.7 (12.6, 24.9) 12.7 (8.7, 16.8) 14.0 (9.5, 18.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worldwide 3830 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 134 (125, 144) 968873 (624459, 1344883) 944251 (636186, 1262834) 389569 (268284, 508400) 2302693 (1548094, 3072643) 667 (416, 947) 493 (326, 671) 247 (168, 327) 1407 (923, 1915) 15.1 (9.9, 20.8) 18.7 (12.6, 24.9) 12.7 (8.7, 16.8) 14.0 (9.5, 18.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women 1930 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) 133 (123, 143) 360233 (223604, 512234) 381382 (253718, 517179) 172039 (117227, 226165) 913653 (604381, 1229896) 486 (290, 708) 397 (260, 547) 217 (145, 289) 1100 (711, 1512) 13.4 (8.6, 18.6) 16.4 (11.0, 22.1) 11.2 (7.7, 14.9) 12.4 (8.4,16.5)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age 70+ y 524 4.1 (4.0, 4.1) 143 (131, 155) 582627 (388554, 785664) 563439 (381418, 752761) 239491 (165985, 312299) 1385557 (935956, 1850724) 1115 (744, 1504) 1078 (730, 1441) 458 (318, 598) 2652 (1791, 3542) 11.1 (7.5, 15.1) 12.4 (8.4,16.5) 13.1 (9.1, 17.0) 12.0 (8.1, 16.0)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“56.1% in Myanmar”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S9. National Cardiovascular Mortality Attributed to Sodium Consumption > 2 g/d
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower-middle income countries 1210 3.4 (2.6, 4.1) 135 (125, 145) 318785 (215531, 429630) 247748 (170046, 323944) 116497 (79724, 151518) 683030 (465301, 905093) 263 (178, 355) 102 (70, 134) 14 (9, 18) 56 (38, 75) 14.6 (9.9, 19.7) 16.1 (11.1, 20.9) 16.1 (11.1, 21.1) 15.4 (10.4,20.3)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worldwide 3830 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 134 (125, 144) 968873 (624459, 1344883) 944251 (636186, 1262834) 389569 (268284, 508400) 2302693 (1548094, 3072643) 667 (416, 947) 493 (326, 671) 247 (168, 327) 1407 (923, 1915) 15.1 (9.9, 20.8) 18.7 (12.6, 24.9) 12.7 (8.7, 16.8) 14.0 (9.5, 18.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Australia / New Zealand 17.4 3.4 (3.3, 3.6) 130 (121, 139) 3245 (1720, 5152) 1192 (720, 1780) 819 (563, 1091) 5256 (3222, 7580) 384 (195, 623) 144 (86, 218) 98 (67, 132) 626 (377, 915) 12.3 (7.5, 18.0) 14.7 (9.4,20.5) 10.1 (6.8, 13.7) 11.2 (7.3, 15.3)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower-middle income countries 1210 3.4 (2.6, 4.1) 135 (125, 145) 318785 (215531, 429630) 247748 (170046, 323944) 116497 (79724, 151518) 683030 (465301, 905093) 263 (178, 355) 102 (70, 134) 14 (9, 18) 56 (38, 75) 14.6 (9.9, 19.7) 16.1 (11.1, 20.9) 16.1 (11.1, 21.1) 15.4 (10.4,20.3)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Canada / U.S. 226 3.6 (3.5, 3.7) 127 (120, 134) 58866 (31531, 92075) 16406 (10071, 23947) 19620 (13221, 26242) 94891 (57955, 137168) 511 (259, 825) 141 (85, 208) 163 (109, 220) 815 (483, 1207) 12.9 (7.8, 18.9) 15.8 (10.1, 22.0) 10.9 (7.2, 14.7) 11.9 (7.8, 16.4)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men 1890 4.1 (4.0, 4.2) 135 (126, 145) 141759 (90540, 200057) 155960 (101566, 215349) 53010 (35364, 71415) 350729 (229946, 481039) 175 (110, 250) 130 (84, 181) 56 (37, 76) 361 (232, 501) 3.2 (2.0, 4.5) 4 (2.7, 5.7) 2.7 (1.8, 3.7) 3.0 (2.0, 4.1)”
- Also stated in: § Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010. · plain
“Women 1930 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) 133 (123, 143) 60836 (36859, 88324) 72842 (46625, 102611) 28493 (18793, 38612) 162172 (103765, 223734) 69 (41, 101) 58 (37, 82) 28 (18, 38) 154 (97, 215) 1.7 (1.1, 2.5) 2 (1.4,3.1) 1.5 (1.0, 2.0) 1.6 (1.1, 2.2)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upper-middle income countries 1530 3.6 (2.9, 4.3) 136 (126, 146) 111296 (73805, 151905) 160781 (106299, 218745) 46871 (31673, 62781) 318948 (211777, 433431) 73 (48, 100) 53 (35, 72) 4 (3, 6) 21 (14, 29) 4.1 (2.7, 5.7) 6 (3.7, 7.6) 5.1 (3.4,6.8) 4.9 (3.3, 6.6)”
- Also stated in: § Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010. · plain
“Low income countries 323 2.9 (2.2, 3.6) 138 (127, 149) 5330 (3494, 7184) 7286 (4770, 9846) 2970 (1950, 4023) 15586 (10215, 21053) 16 (11, 22) 11 (7, 15) 1 (1, 2) 5 (3, 7) 1.9 (1.2, 2.5) 2 (1.3, 2.6) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) 1.8 (1.2, 2.4)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In multivariable meta-regression including age, race, and hypertensive status, effects of dietary sodium on BP were independently modified by each (P-interaction<0.001,0.036, and 0.039, respectively).”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
plaincorrelationaln = 6,970 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“†In 2010 globally, there were 14,669,000 total CVD deaths, 6,963,000 CHD deaths, 5,798,000 stroke deaths, and 1,909,000 other CVD deaths.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Central Asia/ Eastern and Central Europe 273 4.5 (4.3, 4.8) 141 (130, 152) 251467 (165609, 343346) 148235 (101650, 197200) 41711 (28993, 54192) 441413 (296196, 591093) 1973 (1278, 2725) 1170 (786, 1582) 301 (207, 395) 3445 (2274, 4668) 19.0 (12.8, 25.3) 23.5 (16.5, 30.6) 15.7 (11.0, 20.3) 17.4 (12.1, 22.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Low income countries 323 2.9 (2.2, 3.6) 138 (127, 149) 40672 (28523, 52598) 61856 (43956, 79206) 28664 (20411, 36903) 131191 (92891, 168707) 126 (88, 163) 96 (68, 123) 13 (9, 16) 41 (29, 52) 14.2 (9.9, 18.3) 16.2 (11.5, 20.9) 14.8 (10.6, 19.1) 15.2 (10.8, 19.6)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men 1890 4.1 (4.0, 4.2) 135 (126, 145) 141759 (90540, 200057) 155960 (101566, 215349) 53010 (35364, 71415) 350729 (229946, 481039) 175 (110, 250) 130 (84, 181) 56 (37, 76) 361 (232, 501) 3.2 (2.0, 4.5) 4 (2.7, 5.7) 2.7 (1.8, 3.7) 3.0 (2.0, 4.1)”
- Also stated in: § Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010. · plain
“Women 1930 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) 133 (123, 143) 60836 (36859, 88324) 72842 (46625, 102611) 28493 (18793, 38612) 162172 (103765, 223734) 69 (41, 101) 58 (37, 82) 28 (18, 38) 154 (97, 215) 1.7 (1.1, 2.5) 2 (1.4,3.1) 1.5 (1.0, 2.0) 1.6 (1.1, 2.2)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“East / Southeast Asia 1360 4.1 (3.9, 4.3) 132 (123, 142) 250096 (161233, 345123) 491383 (332314, 655272) 141000 (99043, 181571) 882479 (601939, 1159361) 467 (294, 655) 887 (590, 1201) 268 (187, 348) 1622 (1089, 2165) 18.9 (12.5, 25.8) 23.3 (16.0, 30.8) 16.0 (11.1, 20.9)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, these meta-analyses did not evaluate whether BPlowering effects were linear across a wide range of sodium reduction or simultaneously quantify potential heterogeneity owing to age, hypertensive status, race, and duration of intervention, which could each modify effects of sodium on BP.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In one of the meta-analyses used to identify trials of sodium reduction, none of the subjects were on anti-hypertensives; in the other meta-analysis, trials in which subjects were taking anti-hypertensives were not excluded but this characteristic was not coded, precluding formal evaluation of heterogeneity.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent Cochrane meta-analyses evaluated randomized trials of sodium reduction and BP.1,2”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One assessed 28 longer-term trials published through 2005; 1”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the other, many more (n=167) trials but also those testing only small (<20 mmol/d reduction) or brief duration (<2 weeks) sodium reduction interventions that might not validly inform longer-term effects. 2”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S1. Effect of Sodium Reduction on Systolic Blood Pressure in Randomized Controlled Trials.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical modeling strategies estimated cause-specific mortality, including different permutations of covariates and assessment of model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95% UIs.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S6. Cause-Specific Mortality by Country, Age, and Sex in 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cause-specific fractions within each age-sex group were constrained to sum to total mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S6. Cause-Specific Mortality by Country, Age, and Sex in 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recommended maximum intakes in major dietary guidelines ranged from 1200 to 2400 mg/d.[19][20][21][22][23][24]”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S4. Setting Reference Levels of Sodium Consumption
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, due to duplication of reported data across at least 2 of the trials, the veracity of the data has been questioned; and the investigators were unable to produce confirmatory records, leading to the retraction of the meta-analysis”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites heart.bmj.com/content/99/11/820.2.full
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis reported higher mortality with sodium reduction in trials of heart failure patients.35”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several prior reports have extensively reviewed the evidence for CVD effects of dietary sodium, including strengths and limitations of various studies and implications for causality.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not incorporate these other potential benefits into our analysis, which could lead to underestimation of the attributable deaths.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, we found convincing evidence that sodium reduction lowered BP and that BP-lowering reduces CHD and stroke, at least to sodium intakes of 2 g/d and systolic BP levels of 115 mm Hg; without compelling evidence for physiologic harms.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: CVD benefits extend down to a systolic blood pressure of 115 mm Hg, but no further.
In the paper
“Based on all available evidence, we had previously identified a reference consumption level of 1.0±0.1 g/d for our main GBD analysis evaluating all health effects including gastric cancer.17”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S4. Setting Reference Levels of Sodium Consumption
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these trials, largely reported from a single Italian center, typically also included very high doses of diuretics (e.g., furosemide 500+ mg/d) that were not titrated based on subsequent volume status, with resulting marked azotemia in the patients randomized to sodium reduction.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also required demonstration of at least theoretical feasibility based on observed national mean consumption levels in at least 2-3 countries globally.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S4. Setting Reference Levels of Sodium Consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found strong evidence that BP-lowering reduces CHD and stroke.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies pooled individual level data across multiple prospective studies, together totaling 99 cohorts, 1.38 million participants, and 65,000 cardiovascular events; with consistent adjustment for confounders and accounting for regression dilution bias based on serial measures of BP over time.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S2. Effects of Blood Pressure on Deaths from Cardiovascular Diseases
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found consistent ecologic and experimental evidence that long-term high intakes induce additional adverse physiologic effects beyond BP; these were not incorporated into our estimates, which might underestimate attributable disease burdens.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beta blockers had a larger effect above and beyond that due to BP reduction only for preventing recurrent CHD events in patients with a history of CHD, and also only limited to the first few years after acute myocardial infarction.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, the proportional (relative risk) reductions in CHD and stroke events were similar in people with and without pre-existing CVD and regardless of BP levels prior to treatment (down to 110 mm Hg systolic and 70 mm Hg diastolic).27”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S3. Consideration of Causal Effects of Sodium Reduction on CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we considered consistency of our identified reference intakes with major dietary guidelines.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S4. Setting Reference Levels of Sodium Consumption
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“No further benefits were quantified for estimated systolic BP reductions below 115 mm Hg. 17”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Text S7. Modelling the Burdens of Cardiovascular Diseases Attributed to Sodium Consumption
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: CVD benefits extend down to a systolic blood pressure of 115 mm Hg, but no further.
In the paper
“based on individual-level data across 61 prospective observational studies including 958,074 participants, 12.7 million person-years of follow-up, 34,000 coronary (ischemic) heart disease (IHD) deaths, and 12,000 stroke deaths.14”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > P interaction by age <0.001
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Models were validated using out-of-sample predictive validity tests in which 30% of data was withheld from initial model fits.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lowest age-standardized national mean intakes 40 1480 mg/d Kenya 1600 mg/d Rwanda 1660 mg/d Malawi”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“614 mg/d * Lower systolic BP and lower age-BP slopes in ecologic studies 37”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trends in age-specific relative risks from pooled analyses were compared to trends in original cohort data to ensure validity of pooled results.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DisMod3 was assessed for convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo iterations and validated using goodness-of-fit tests and out-of-sample predictive validity tests, in which 10-20% of data were held-out of the model.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Absolute CVD Mortality Attributed to Sodium Intake > 1g/day in 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We considered 24-hour urinary measurements of sodium as the gold-standard and developed regression methods to adjust dietary sodium consumption data to the equivalent of urinary sodium measures.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Absolute CVD Mortality Attributed to Sodium Intake > 1g/day in 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only randomized controlled feeding trials with duration of at least one week, mean sodium reduction of at least 20 mmol/d, and balanced concurrent interventions were included.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of sodium on SBP
plainn = 6,970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BP levels were adjusted for regression dilution bias based on serial measures over time.”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This Figures shows the main findings from one of these two pooling projects, based on individual-level data across 61 prospective observational studies including 958,074 participants, 12.7 million person-years of follow-up, 34,000 coronary (ischemic) heart disease (IHD) deaths, and 12,000 stroke deaths.14”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The dose-response relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular disease is log-linear until a blood pressure level of 115 mm Hg.
“Based on the evidence, we assumed a log-linear dose-response between BP and CVD until a BP level of 115 mm Hg”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Above a blood pressure level of 115 mm Hg, blood pressure has no further contribution to cardiovascular disease risk.
“after which we assumed no further contribution to risk.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
CVD benefits extend down to a systolic blood pressure of 115 mm Hg, but no further.
“In our analysis, we assumed CVD benefits down to a systolic BP of 115 mm Hg, but no further.16”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The effects of sodium consumption on BP and the effects of BP on each disease outcome are log-normally distributed.
“based on log normal distributions characterized by each risk estimate and its 95% confidence interval.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The distribution of sodium consumption for each country-age-sex group is characterized by its mean and standard error.
“We drew 1,000 times from the distribution of sodium consumption for each country-age-sex group as characterized by its mean and standard error.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The associations between sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes observed in prior studies are causal.
“Mean intakes associated with better outcomes”
The paper relies on this without support.
The included national surveys and data sources are representative of global sodium consumption.
“Data were from 56 national surveys Sibling history Data represented 1,557 survey years from 61 countries”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sodium raises BP in a dose-dependent fashion, with stronger effects among older individuals, hypertensives, and Blacks.304”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [304]
In the citing paper
“Overall, while adverse effects of rapid sodium reduction cannot be excluded, and true optimal lower limits remain uncertain, the sum of evidence suggests that optimal levels of sodium intake are ~2000 mg/d193, 200-204 and could be lower.304”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [304]
In the citing paper
“Based on a target consumption level of 2000 mg/d, 1.65 million annual global cardiovascular deaths are estimated to be attributable to excess sodium intake.304”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [304]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“190 (121, 266) 378 (251, 510) 1080 (75, 141) 676 (455, 899)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
Reported 676 · recomputed 1648
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Table S6. Global Cardiovascular Deaths Attributed to Sodium Consumption >1 g/d in 2010.
“Both sexes overall 4430000000 4.0 (3.9, 4.0)”
§ Global Sodium Consumption and Cardiovascular Mortality -Supplementary Materials > Effects of SBP on CVD
“Worldwide 3830 4.0 (3.9, 4.0) 134 (125, 144) 968873”
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 997
Astrocyte-derived VEGF increases cerebral microvascular permeability under high salt conditions
Deng, Z., Zhou, L., Wang, Y., Liao, S., Huang, Y., Shan, Y., Tan, S., Zeng, Q., Peng, L., Huang, H., et al. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103348 · Cited by 34
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“65 million cardiovascular deaths globally [1] and more than 50,000 myocardial infarctions and 30,000 strokes per year in the US were attributable to high sodium consumption, defined as intake level above 2.”
BackgroundLong-Term Effect of Salt Substitution for Cardiovascular Outcomes
Greenwood, H., Barnes, K. A., Clark, J. M., Ball, L., & Albarqouni, L. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-2626 · Cited by 35
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Self-citationAssessing dietary intakes from household budget surveys: A national analysis in Bangladesh
Karageorgou, D., Imamura, F., Zhang, J., Shi, P., Mozaffarian, D., & Micha, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202831 · Cited by 37
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Guo, Q., Tang, Y., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, D., Liu, J., Wang, X., Xia, W., & Xu, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072135 · Cited by 35
“Emerging evidence from human and animal studies has revealed that a high-salt (HS) diet in adulthood is not only a major risk factor for hypertension [9] and cardiovascular disease [10], but also exerts effects on hypertriglyceridemia [11], oxidative stress, and inflammation [12], which are well-known pathological fea…”
BackgroundKelly, C. B., Geaney, F., Fitzgerald, T., Browne, G., & Perry, I. J. (2015) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.04.010 · Cited by 38
Graudal, N. A., & Jűrgens, G. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.008 · Cited by 35
Ismail, L. C., Hashim, M. S., Jarrar, A. H., Mohamad, M. N., Saleh, S. T., Jawish, N., Bekdache, M., Albaghli, H., Kdsi, D., Aldarweesh, D., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050941 · Cited by 33
“Nutrients 2019, 11, 941; doi:10.3390/nu11050941 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), NCDs are estimated to account for 77% of all deaths and of these 40% are caused by CVDs [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialCardiovascular health in urban Chinese children and adolescents
Yan, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, X., Cheng, H., Huang, G., Hou, D., Mi, J., & on behalf of the China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) collaboration group (2019) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2019.1580383 · Cited by 30
“Elevated salt intake has been associated with cardiovascular disease [29], and Chinese adults and youths have high salt intake compared with other countries [30].”
BackgroundMartins-Noguerol, R., Matías, L., Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Moreira, X., Francisco, M., Pedroche, J., DeAndrés-Gil, C., Gutiérrez, E., Salas, J. J., Moreno‐Pérez, A. J., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161806 · Cited by 34
Cardiovascular Diseases Deaths Attributable to High Sodium Intake in Shandong Province, China
Zhang, J., Guo, X., Lu, Z., Tang, J., Yichong, L., Xu, A., & Liu, S. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010737 · Cited by 32
Huang, L., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, B., & Ding, G. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020366 · Cited by 35
Impact of salt levels on the sensory profile and consumer acceptance of Italian dry‐cured ham
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McKenzie, B. L., Santos, J. A., Trieu, K., Thout, S. R., Johnson, C., Arcand, J., Webster, J. L., & McLean, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13289 · Cited by 33
Application of Mobile Health Technologies Aimed at Salt Reduction: Systematic Review
Ali, S. H., Luo, R., Li, Y., Liu, X., Tang, C., & Zhang, P. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/13250 · Cited by 36
Wang, M., Huang, Y., Song, Y., Chen, J., & Liu, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.615152 · Cited by 32
Metabolic diseases in the East Asian populations
Sun, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01058-8 · Cited by 40
“Excessive sodium and potassium intake is a typical dietary issue in East Asian populations 81,82 .”
Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Salty Relationship
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The Science of Salt: A global review on changes in sodium levels in foods
Santos, J. A., Rosewarne, E., Thout, S. R., McKenzie, B. L., Trieu, K., Hoek, A. C., Johnson, C., McLean, R. M., Arcand, J., Campbell, N. R. C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13628 · Cited by 36
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Effectiveness of salt substitute on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Tsai, Y., Tsao, Y., Huang, C., Tai, Y., Su, Y., Chiang, C., Sung, S., Chen, C., & Cheng, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.14562 · Cited by 32
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Nonpharmacologic management of hypertension
Ozemek, C., Phillips, S. A., Popović, D., Laddu, D., Fancher, I. S., Arena, R. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000406 · Cited by 31
Main Sources, Socio-Demographic and Anthropometric Correlates of Salt Intake in Austria
Hasenegger, V., Rust, P., König, J. S., Purtscher, A. E., Erler, J., & Ekmekçioğlu, C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030311 · Cited by 30
Trieu, K., Webster, J. L., Jan, S., Hope, S., Naseri, T. K., Ieremia, M., Bell, C., Snowdon, W., & Moodie, M. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0802-1 · Cited by 31
“In 2010, nearly one of every five premature cardiovascular-related deaths worldwide were attributed to salt intake above the recommended levels and most of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [3].”
BackgroundGamboa-Gamboa, T., Blanco‐Metzler, A., Vandevijvere, S., Ramírez‐Zea, M., & Kroker-Lobos, M. F. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112738 · Cited by 35
Elevated Salt Taste Threshold Is Associated with Increased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Xue, Y., Wen, Q., Xu, C., Zhang, X., Zeng, J., Sha, A. M., Lan, C., Li, L., Wang, H., Yang, X., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-020-10017-4 · Cited by 31
“65 million patients die of cardiovascular disease per year, related to an excessive sodium intake [25].”
BackgroundAssociation between health literacy and dietary intake of sugar, fat and salt: a systematic review
Buja, A., Grotto, G., Montecchio, L., Battisti, E. D., Sperotto, M., Bertoncello, C., Cocchio, S., Baldovin, T., & Baldo, V. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020002311 · Cited by 32
“Answer to the question ‘Do you consistently avoid eating high-fat foods?’ Answer sets included: No, I do not intend to in the next 6months (1), No, but I intend to in the next 6 months (2), No, but I intend to in the next 30 d (3), Yes, I have been, but for <6months (4), Yes, I have been for more than 6months (5)”
BackgroundAn Analysis of the Mineral Composition of Pink Salt Available in Australia
Fayet‐Moore, F., Wibisono, C., Carr, P. R., Duve, E., Petocz, P., Lancaster, G., McMillan, J., Marshall, S., & Blumfield, M. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9101490 · Cited by 33
Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression
Hodson, E. M., & Cooper, T. E. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006763.pub3 · Cited by 37
Mill, J. G., Rodrigues, S. L., Baldo, M. P., Malta, D. C., & Szwarcwald, C. L. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-5497201500060020 · Cited by 31
Nguyen, T. T. M., Miura, K., Tanaka-Mizuno, S., Tanaka, T., Nakamura, Y., Fujiyoshi, A., Kadota, A., Tamaki, J., Takebayashi, T., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-018-0152-z · Cited by 32
Mönninghoff, A., Fuchs, K., Wu, J., Albert, J. L., & Mayer, S. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/32487 · Cited by 34
“Increased salt consumption has been shown to increase blood pressure, while sodium-rich, low-fruit, and low–whole-grain diets may increase the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes [5-7].”
Untapped potential of gut microbiome for hypertension management
Gao, K., Wang, P., Mei, X., Yang, T., & Yu, K. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2356278 · Cited by 35
“68 The mechanisms of hypertension induced by high-salt intake include change of sodium-water homeostasis, vascular tone, and immune cell homeostasis.”
BackgroundHealth Professional Advice and Adult Action to Reduce Sodium Intake
Jackson, S. L., King, S. M. C., Park, S.-Y., Fang, J., Odom, E., & Cogswell, M. E. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.034 · Cited by 30
Mechanisms of altered renal sodium handling in age-related hypertension
Frame, A. A., & Wainford, R. D. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00594.2017 · Cited by 32
Xiong, Y., Deng, B., Warner, R. D., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.14552 · Cited by 30
Franklin, B. A., Brubaker, P. H., Harber, M. P., Lavie, C. J., MYERS, J. N., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000514 · Cited by 30
de Terline, D. M., Kramoh, K. E., Diop, I. B., Nhavoto, C., Balde, D. M., Ferreira, B., Houénassi, M., Hounsou, D., Ikama, M. S., Kane, A. D., et al. (2020) · Archives of cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2019.11.009 · Cited by 31
Magalhães, N. S., Savino, W., Silva, P., Martins, M. A., & Carvalho, V. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.644751 · Cited by 30
“It is well known that one of the major triggers of hypertension is the imbalanced diet with high salt content (121, 122).”
BackgroundEthnic and racial disparities in hypertension management among women
Beckie, T. M. (2017) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.004 · Cited by 30
Sodium Reduction in Bouillon: Targeting a Food Staple to Reduce Hypertension in Sub-saharan Africa
Archer, N., Cochet-Broch, M. O., Mihnea, M., Garrido‐Bañuelos, G., López-Sánchez, P., Lundin, L., & Frank, D. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.746018 · Cited by 33
“These lifestyle preventable diseases (hypertension, CVD, stroke) are major contributors to the overall prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) which account for the greatest proportion of global morbidity and mortality rates (13, 14).”
BackgroundSodium Reduction—Saving Lives by Putting Choice Into Consumers’ Hands
Frieden, T. R. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7992 · Cited by 29
High salt-induced activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured astrocytes
Deng, Z., Wang, Y., Zhou, L., Shan, Y., Tan, S., Cai, W., Liao, S., Peng, L., & Lu, Z. (2017) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2017.1301330 · Cited by 32
Dietary salt intake in the Australian population
Santos, J. A., Webster, J. L., Land, M., Flood, V. M., Chalmers, J. P., Woodward, M., Neal, B. C., & Petersen, K. S. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017000799 · Cited by 29
Reducing salt in bread: a quasi-experimental feasibility study in a bakery in Lima, Peru
Saavedra‐Garcia, L., Sosa-Zevallos, V., Diez‐Canseco, F., Miranda, J. J., & Bernabé‐Ortiz, A. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001597 · Cited by 29
Salt Sensitivity: Challenging and Controversial Phenotype of Primary Hypertension
Iatrino, R., Manunta, P., & Zagato, L. (2016) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-016-0677-y · Cited by 28
Unique characteristics of Asians with hypertension: what is known and what can be done?
Loo, G. J. M., Puar, T. H. K., Foo, R., Ong, T. K., Wang, T., Nguyen, Q. N., Chin, C. T., & Chin, C. (2024) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003706 · Cited by 41
Announcing “Up to Date in the Science of Sodium”
Arcand, J., Webster, J. L., Johnson, C., Thout, S. R., Neal, B. C., McLean, R. M., Trieu, K., Wong, M. M., Leung, A. A. C., & Campbell, N. R. C. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12732 · Cited by 28
“6 million deaths were attributed to excess dietary salt consumption.(26) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adults should consume <5 g of salt per day with lower amounts for children.”
BackgroundTrieu, K., Jan, S., Woodward, M., Grimes, C. A., Bolam, B., Nowson, C. A., Reimers, J., Davidson, C., & Webster, J. L. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10080998 · Cited by 28
“Excess salt consumption is a worldwide health problem, estimated to cause nearly 1 of every 5 premature CVD disease deaths [5].”
BackgroundGuidelines for clinical evaluation of chronic kidney disease
Kanda, E., Kashihara, N., Matsushita, K., et al. (2018) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-018-1615-x · Cited by 28
Gomes, A., Oudot, C., Macià, A., Foito, A., Carregosa, D., Stewart, D., de Wiele, T. V., Berry, D., Motilva, M., Brenner, C., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112634 · Cited by 29
“The deleterious effect of a high-salt diet on cardiovascular health is driven by arterial hypertension and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality [5,47].”
BackgroundFriesen, V. M., Mbuya, M. N. N., Aaron, G. J., Pachón, H., Adegoke, O. J., Noor, R. A., Swart, R., Kaaya, A. N., Wieringa, F. T., & Neufeld, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa167 · Cited by 28
Zeng, C., Rosenberg, L. A., Li, X., Djoussé, L., Wei, J., Lei, G., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac059 · Cited by 30
Burnier, M., Wuerzner, G., & Bochud, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00227 · Cited by 29
Dietary sodium intake in urban and rural Malawi, and directions for future interventions
Prynn, J. E., Banda, L., Amberbir, A., Price, A., Kayuni, N., Jaffar, S. S., Crampin, A. C., Smeeth, L. L., & Nyirenda, M. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy125 · Cited by 28
Carrillo-Larco, R. M., & Bernabé‐Ortiz, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020556 · Cited by 29
Characterization of Breakfast Cereals Available in the Mexican Market: Sodium and Sugar Content
Nieto, C., Patiño, S. R., Tolentino‐Mayo, L., Carriedo, Á., & Barquera, S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080884 · Cited by 28
Arcand, J., Wong, M., Santos, J. A., Leung, A. A. C., Trieu, K., Thout, S. R., Webster, J. L., & Campbell, N. R. C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13049 · Cited by 27
Shalnova, S. A., Balanova, Y. А., Деев, А. Д., Васильевна, К. А., Имаева, А. Э., Владимировна, К. А., Аркадьевна, М. Г., Евстифеева, С. Е., & Drapkina, O. M. (2018) · Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.17116/profmed201821465 · Cited by 27
Directional hedonic thresholds for sodium concentration in hamburger
Filho, T. L., Lúcia, S. M. D., Minim, L. A., Gamba, M. M., Lima, R. M., & Minim, V. P. R. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103722 · Cited by 27
Schiefermeier-Mach, N., Egg, S., Erler, J., Hasenegger, V., Rust, P., König, J. S., & Purtscher, A. E. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071956 · Cited by 27
Jeong, H., Jin, H., Kim, S., & Shin, D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072121 · Cited by 31
“It is widely known that reduced sodium intake not only lowers blood pressure [24,25] but also reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [26].”
BackgroundMorita, R., Ohta, M., Umeki, Y., Nanri, A., Tsuchihashi, T., & Hayabuchi, H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020577 · Cited by 27
“However, salt intake in almost all countries exceeds the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) recommendation of <5 g/day [3].”
BackgroundMazzaferro, S., Martini, N. D., Cannata-Andía, J. B., Cozzolino, M. G., Messa, P., Rotondi, S., Tartaglione, L., Pasquali, M., & on behalf of the ERA-EDTA CKD-MBD Working Group (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10050958 · Cited by 32
Factors Associated With the Use of a Salt Substitute in Rural China
Liu, Y., Chu, H., Peng, K., Yin, X., Huang, L., Wu, Y., Pearson, S., Li, N., Elliott, P., Yan, L. L., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37745 · Cited by 27
Morgenstern, J., Rosella, L. C., Costa, A. P., & Anderson, L. N. (2022) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0502 · Cited by 30
Ye, X., Tang, X., Li, F., Zhu, J., Wu, M., Wei, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.892801 · Cited by 27
“Emerging evidence reveals that the potential cardiovascular hazards of high-salt diets are mainly related to arterial hypertension and are significantly and positively correlated with its morbidity and mortality (2).”
BackgroundMarklund, M., Tullu, F. T., Thout, S. R., Yu, J., Brady, T. M., Appel, L. J., Neal, B. C., Wu, J. H. Y., & Gupta, R. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19072 · Cited by 26
Masoudkabir, F., Mohammadifard, N., Mani, A., Ignaszewski, A. P., Davis, M. K., Vaseghi, G., Mansourian, M., Franco, C., Gotay, C. C., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2023) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2023/2404806 · Cited by 31
Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure: How Low Should We Go?
Horn, L. V. (2015) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2015.05.008 · Cited by 28
The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Sharma, S., & Wood, M. J. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-018-0676-1 · Cited by 28
Sodium reduction in selected fish products by means of salt substitutes
Giese, E., Meyer, C., Ostermeyer, U., Lehmann, I., & Fritsche, J. (2019) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-019-03277-1 · Cited by 27
Ikizawa, T., Ikeda, K., Arita, M., Kitajima, S., Soga, T., Ichijo, H., & Naguro, I. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102837 · Cited by 31
“(2023) 299(2) 102837 significantly suppressed.”
BackgroundInfluentialGan, L., Zhao, B., Inoue‐Choi, M., Liao, L. M., Graubard, B. I., Weinstein, S. J., Albanes, D., & Huang, J. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03350-x · Cited by 26
“Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated effects of sodium intake on increased blood pressure, as well as associations between high blood pressure and risk of CVD incidence and CVD mortality [1, 7–10, 34, 35].”
BackgroundHigh sodium causes hypertension: evidence from clinical trials and animal experiments
Reddy, V., Sridhar, A., Machado, R. F., & Chen, J. (2015) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60155-8 · Cited by 26
Naser, A. M., UNICOMB, L. E., Doza, S., Ahmed, K. M., Rahman, M. M., Uddin, M. N., Quraishi, S. B., Selim, S., Shamsudduha, M., Burgess, W. G., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015205 · Cited by 26
Strauss‐Kruger, M., Smith, W. T., Fedorova, O. V., & Schutte, A. E. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0942-y · Cited by 26
Fan, F., Li, Y., Li, L., Nie, X., Zhang, P., Li, Y., Luo, R., Zhang, G., Wang, L., & He, F. J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204404 · Cited by 32
Batubo, N. P., Moore, J. B., & Zulyniak, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003499 · Cited by 35
Campbell, N. R. C., Lackland, D. T., Niebylski, M. L., & Nilsson, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12437 · Cited by 26
“65 million people a year die of conditions related to sodium consumption >2000 mg/d.(20)”
BackgroundJanssen, A. M., Kremer, S., van Stipriaan, W. L., Noort, M. W. J., de Vries, J. H. M., & Temme, E. H. M. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.01.008 · Cited by 26
Renal sodium handling and sodium sensitivity
Frame, A. A., & Wainford, R. D. (2017) · Kidney Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.23876/j.krcp.2017.36.2.117 · Cited by 29
“The impact of dietary salt intake on blood pressure regulation and the pathogenesis of hypertension is a global public health issue as the average global salt intake of approximately 4 g/day [21-25] significantly exceeds the World Health Organization recommendation of 2 g/day [14].”
BackgroundUrine Spot Samples Can Be Used to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Children
Leyvraz, M., Bovet, P., Tabin, R., Genin, B., Russo, M., Rossier, M. F., Bochud, M., & Chioléro, A. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy211 · Cited by 24
“65 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases per year (3).”
BackgroundCollins, B., Kypridemos, C., Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Huang, Y., Bandosz, P., Wilde, P., Kersh, R., Capewell, S., Mozaffarian, D., Whitsel, L. P., et al. (2019) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12402 · Cited by 26
Self-citationJunnarkar, G., Allphin, C., Profant, J., Steininger, T. L., Chen, C., Zomorodi, K., Skowroński, R., & Black, J. E. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2022.1999226 · Cited by 25
“Available data indicate that sodium consumption has dose-dependent effects on BP and thereby increases the risk of CV-related mortality [41].”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing whether a spot urine specimen can predict 24-h urinary sodium excretion accurately
Zhang, Y., Peng, Y., Li, K., & Peng, X. (2018) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001879 · Cited by 27
High Salt Intake Augments Blood Pressure Responses During Submaximal Aerobic Exercise
Babcock, M. C., Robinson, A. T., Migdal, K. U., Watso, J. C., Martens, C. R., Edwards, D. G., Pescatello, L. S., & Farquhar, W. B. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.015633 · Cited by 25
Knowledge and Practices Related to Salt Intake among Saudi Adults
Hanbazaza, M. A., & Mumena, W. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165749 · Cited by 25
A Review Study of a Green Diet and Healthy Ageing
Fong, B. Y. F., Chiu, W.-K., Chan, W. F. M., & Lam, T. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158024 · Cited by 26
“Numerous findings have reported that excessive intake of salt leads to high blood pressure [91,92], and interventions to control population salt intake are necessary for reducing the risk factors of associated chronic diseases [93].”
BackgroundMartins-Noguerol, R., Matías, L., Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Moreira, X., Vallés, S. M., Mancilla-Leytón, J. M., Francisco, M., García-González, A., DeAndrés-Gil, C., Martínez‐Force, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104266 · Cited by 24
“Although Na is an essential nutrient in the human diet, its excess intake is associated with the increase in blood pressure, which represents a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (Mozaffarian et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSteen, D. L., Helsley, R. N., Bhatt, D. L., King, E. C., Summer, S. S., Fenchel, M. C., Saelens, B. E., Eckman, M. H., & Couch, S. C. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02077-7 · Cited by 26
Effects of High Salt Intake on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of COX Inhibitors
Chrysant, S. G. (2016) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22536 · Cited by 29
Asiki, G., Shao, S., Wainana, C., Khayeka‐Wandabwa, C., Haregu, T., Juma, P. A., Mohammed, S., Wambui, D. W., Gong, E., Yan, L. L., et al. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3152-4 · Cited by 25
Pinna, A., Saccani, G., Schivazappa, C., Simoncini, N., & Virgili, R. (2019) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107994 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Mozaffarian, D., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Engell, R. E., Lim, S., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., & Powles, J.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2014-08-14
- Volume
- 371
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 624-634
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2125436925
- Semantic Scholar
- 313501c1486ca65e8b9076a5e8ee7fbe5e6c6617
- Cited by
- 1,218
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 30
- FWCI
- 99.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development
- University of Chicago
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- University of Cambridge
- Korea Health Industry Development Institute
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation
- Universidade de São Paulo
- National Research University Higher School of Economics
- Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece
- Hellenic Health Foundation
- George Institute for Global Health
- National Institutes of Health (DK007703)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
- National Cancer Institute (P20CA210305)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK007703., T32DK007703)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES10349, P42ES010349)
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- sodium intake, cardiovascular mortality, blood pressure, hypertension, attributable mortality, comparative risk assessment, low- and middle-income countries, premature mortality, global burden of disease, dietary salt
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Global Health, Sex Distribution
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