Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract
Each year, more than half a million people worldwide receive a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma related to HCV is the fastest rising cause of U.S. cancer-related deaths. This review summarizes recent advances in prevention, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment.
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HCC is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and incidence in the United States has tripled over the last 2 decades.
“Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and incidence in the United States has tripled over the last 2 decades (1–3).”
From HIF inhibitor 32-134D eradicates murine hepatocellular carcinoma in combination with anti-PD1 therapy (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
More than two-thirds of HCC patients have advanced disease at diagnosis, which is often intractable to available therapies and has a 5-year survival of less than 15%.
“At the time of diagnosis, more than two-thirds of HCC patients have advanced disease, which is often intractable to available therapies and has a 5-year survival of less than 15% (3).”
From HIF inhibitor 32-134D eradicates murine hepatocellular carcinoma in combination with anti-PD1 therapy (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
About 80-90% of hepatocellular carcinomas arise in advanced fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, and roughly one in three patients with compensated cirrhosis develops hepatocellular carcinoma during their lifetime.
“Moreover, ~80–90% of HCCs occur in advanced fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, which translates to around one in three patients with compensated liver cirrhosis developing HCC in their lifetimes37,38.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [38]
Liver cirrhosis is the most important unifying risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma.
“Hence, the presence of liver cirrhosis represents the most important unifying risk factor for the development of HCC.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [38]
The underlying liver disease type carries a specific hepatocellular carcinoma risk in cirrhosis, with chronic hepatitis B or C and haemochromatosis at relatively high risk and autoimmune hepatitis or alcoholic liver disease at relatively low risk.
“However, additional factors are involved and each type of underlying liver disease entails a specific risk for the development of HCC in cirrhosis; diseases such as chronic hepatitis B and C or haemochromatosis entail a relatively high risk and diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis or ALD a relatively low risk38–40.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [38]
Chemotherapy is the primary strategy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and exhibits significant therapeutic efficacy in the clinic.
“Chemotherapy has been widely accepted to be the primary strategy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), exhibiting significant therapeutic efficacy in the clinic.1,2”
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Cirrhosis is under-recognised in patients subsequently diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer
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- Authors
- El-Serag, H. B.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-09-22
- Volume
- 365
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1118-1127
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W4245403358
- Cited by
- 3,529
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 245 · 2020: 286 · 2019: 300 · 2018: 356 · 2017: 421 · 2016: 376 · 2015: 375 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 234 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 26.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Hepatitis B Virus Studies
- Keywords
- hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis C virus, cancer prevention, cancer surveillance, cancer diagnosis, cancer therapy, cancer mortality
- MeSH terms
- Embolization, Therapeutic, Female, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Risk Factors, Hepatitis B Vaccines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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