Forest fire causes and extent on United States Forest Service lands
Abstract
Nationally, the causes and extent of fire on lands administrated by the United States Forest Service varied significantly from 1940 to 2000, with California experiencing the largest relative annual burned areas. The south-east and California experienced the largest relative area burned by fires from human ignitions. No significant differences were detected in the relative area burned by lightning in California, the upper and central Rocky Mountains, and the south-west, which all experienced the highest levels. The north-west and Rocky Mountains have experienced significant increases in the relative total area burned; the north-east, south-east, California, and coastal Alaska all remained unchanged. The northern Rocky Mountains, south-west, and north-east have all experienced significant increases in the amount of area burned by lightning without significant increases in lightning ignitions. Increasing fuel hazards in these areas probably contributed to the increasing area burned by lightning fires; changing climate could have also contributed to the increase in wildfire area from 1940 to 2000. To be effective across the diverse forest types and conditions in the USA, fire policy should better recognize and respond to the diversity of US forests and how they have burned in the past. This analysis determined that there is high geographical diversity on wildfire occurrence and causes. Local input is therefore important in designing diverse, ground-based solutions to address fire management challenges in the United States.
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Several studies indicate that people are important in redistributing ignition sources, especially where lightning is rare or not concurrent with dry conditions.
“However, several studies suggest that humans play an important role in redistributing ignitions (20–22), particularly where lightning rarely occurs or where lightning is not concurrent with dry conditions (23).”
From Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
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Gralewicz, N. J., NELSON, T. A., & Wulder, M. A. (2011) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf10095 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Characterization and mapping of dwelling types for forest fire prevention
Corinne Lampin, A., Jappiot, M., Long-Fournel, M., Morge, D., & Ferrier, J.-P. (2008) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2008.07.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Landscape variables influencing forest fires in central Spain
Moreno, J. M., Viedma, O., Zavala, G., & Luna, B. (2011) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf10005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Wildfire Risk Transmission in the Colorado Front Range, USA
Haas, J. R., Calkin, D. E., & Thompson, M. P. (2014) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12270 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Li, W., Xu, Q., Yi, J., & Liu, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23697-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Differential impacts of wildfire on the population dynamics of an old‐forest species
Rockweit, J. T., Franklin, A. B., & Carlson, P. C. (2017) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.1805 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Fire weather and large fire potential in the northern Sierra Nevada
Collins, B. M. (2014) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Spatial patterns and drivers for wildfire ignitions in California
Чэн, Б., & Yufang Jin, A. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac60da · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fire and sustainability: considerations for California’s altered future climate
Moritz, M. A., & Stephens, S. L. (2007) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9361-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Evaluation of Modeled Plume Injection Height with Satellite-Derived Observed Plume Height
Raffuse, S. M., Craig, K. J., Larkin, N. K., Strand, T. T., Sullivan, D. C., Wheeler, N. J. M., & Solomon, R. (2012) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos3010103 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Historic and future extent of wildfires in the Southern Rockies Ecoregion, USA
Litschert, S. E., Brown, T. C., & Theobald, D. M. (2012) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.024 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wan, H. Y., Olson, A. C., Muncey, K. D., & Clair, S. B. S. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Guo, F., Selvalakshmi, S., Lin, F., Wang, G., Wang, W., Su, Z., & Liu, A. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/cjfr-2015-0373 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Multi-Classification Using YOLOv11 and Hybrid YOLO11n-MobileNet Models: A Fire Classes Case Study
Alkhammash, E. H. (2025) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire8010017 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Design and Field Test of a WSN Platform Prototype for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring
Lazarescu, M. T. (2015) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s150409481 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Keyser, A. R., & Westerling, A. L. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.027 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
DeLong, S. B., Youberg, A., DeLong, W. M., & Murphy, B. P. (2017) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.028 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rapid WUI growth in a natural amenity-rich region in central-western Patagonia, Argentina
Godoy, M. M., Martinuzzi, S., Kramer, H. A., Defossé, G. E., Argañaraz, J. P., & Radeloff, V. C. (2019) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf18097 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Елван, О. Д., Birben, Ü., Özkan, U. Y., Yıldırım, H. T., & Türker, Y. Ö. (2021) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-021-00102-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Using GIS and Random Forests to identify fire drivers in a forest city, Yichun, China
Su, Z., Hu, H., Wang, G., Ma, Y., Yang, X., & Guo, F. (2018) · Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk · doi:10.1080/19475705.2018.1505667 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Stephens, S. L., & Fry, D. L. (2005) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0693:sdorpi]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiscale wildfire and smoke detection in complex drone forest environments based on YOLOv8
Zhu, W., Niu, S., Yue, J., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86239-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hallett, D. J., & Anderson, R. S. (2010) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.11.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lightning modelling for the research of forest fire ignition in Portugal
Couto, F. T., Iakunin, M., Salgado, R., Pinto, P., Viegas, T., & Pinty, J. (2020) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104993 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kasischke, E. S., Loboda, T. V., Giglio, L., French, N. H. F., Hoy, E., Jong, B. H. D., & Riaño, D. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011jg001707 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Impact of Precipitation Regimes on Forest Fires in Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Chen, F., Niu, S., Tong, X., Zhao, J., Sun, Y., & He, T. (2014) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2014/326782 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stephens, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stephens, Scott L.
- ORCID
- Stephens, Scott L.
- Venue
- International Journal of Wildland Fire
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 213
- ISSN
- 1049-8001 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1657432057
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 11.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Wildland Fire (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Forest Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- forest fires, wildfire causes, burned area, human ignition, lightning fires, fire regime change, climate change, fire policy
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