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Cited by 200Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

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How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11

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Sharot, Tali, Martorella, Elizabeth A., Delgado, Mauricio R., Phelps, Elizabeth A.·2007·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0609230103PMC PMC1713166
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Abstract

Brown and Kulik [Brown R, Kulik J (1977) Cognition 5:73-99] introduced the term "flashbulb memory" to describe the recall of shocking, consequential events such as hearing news of a presidential assassination. They proposed that the vivid detail of such memories results from the action of a unique neural mechanism. In the present study of personal recollections of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) in New York City, we combine behavioral and brain imaging techniques, with two goals: (i) to explore the neural basis of such memories and (ii) to clarify the characteristics of the emotional events that may give rise to them. Three years after the terrorist attacks, participants were asked to retrieve memories of 9/11, as well as memories of personally selected control events from 2001. At the time of the attacks, some participants were in Downtown Manhattan, close to the World Trade Center; others were in Midtown, a few miles away. The Downtown participants exhibited selective activation of the amygdala as they recalled events from 9/11, but not while they recalled control events. This was not the case for the Midtown participants. Moreover, only the Downtown participants reported emotionally enhanced recollective experiences while recalling events from 9/11, as compared with control events. These results suggest that close personal experience may be critical in engaging the neural mechanisms that underlie the emotional modulation of memory and thus in producing the vivid recollections to which the term flashbulb memory is often applied.

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  1. 10.1037/0096-3445.117.2.171 · DOI
  2. G Echterhoff, S Croll, W Hirst Memory, in press.

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Metadata

Authors
Sharot, T., Martorella, E. A., Delgado, M. R., & Phelps, E. A.
Affiliations
  • New York University (US)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2007-01-02
Volume
104
Issue
1
Pages
389-394
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0609230103
PMC
PMC1713166
OpenAlex
W2118059904
Cited by
200
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
FWCI
4.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
  • Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH62104, R01MH062104)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords
flashbulb memory, September 11 attacks, memory vividness, amygdala, personal experience, memory retrieval, World Trade Center, neural basis of memory
MeSH terms
Adult, Amygdala, Brain, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Mental Recall, Terrorism

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