Memory Distortions Develop Over Time: Recollections of the O.J. Simpson Trial Verdict After 15 and 32 Months
Abstract
Fifteen or 32 months after the verdict was announced in the O.J. Simpson murder trial, we asked college students about how they had heard the news, and we compared their responses with what they had told us 3 days after the verdict. Our study is the first to have assessed recollective accuracy at two different intervals more than 1 year after a noted public event. The quality of the recollections after 32 months was strikingly different from the quality of the recollections after 15 months. After 15 months, 50% of the recollections were highly accurate, and only 11% contained major errors or distortions. After 32 months, only 29% of the recollections were highly accurate, and more than 40% contained major distortions. Retention interval appears to be an important factor determining the frequency of memory distortions, and differences in the retention interval across studies may account for some of the contradictions in the flashbulb-memory literature. Metamemory errors and source memory difficulties are a likely basis of poor memory performance after long retention intervals. The results highlight the marked qualitative changes in recollections that can occur between 1 and 3 years after information has been acquired.
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No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes, but the sample sizes are comparable to or larger than those reported in previous studies on long-term memory consolidation.
“No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes, but our sample sizes are comparable to or larger than those reported in previous studies on long-term memory consolidation23,24.”
From Long-term Memory Reorganization of Navigational Episodes (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
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Latent variable models for the measurement of flashbulb memories: a comparative approach
Curci, A. (2004) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1039 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effect of regulation goals on emotional event-specific knowledge
Holland, A. C., Tamir, M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2010.481628 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Three forms of consciousness in retrieving memories
Roediger, H. L., III, Rajaram, S., & Geraci, L. D. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.011 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
What characterizes life story memories? A diary study of freshmen's first term.
Thomsen, D. K., Olesen, M., Schnieber, A., Jensen, T., & Tønnesvang, J. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schmolck, H., Buffalo, E. A., & Squire, L. R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-45
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2162591179
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1z01mh002460-04)
- National Institute on Aging (2T32AG00216, T32AG000216)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH2460)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- memory distortion, flashbulb memory, O.J. Simpson trial, retention interval, source memory, long-term memory, eyewitness memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Crime, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Public Opinion, Time Factors, Multimedia
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