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How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11
Open accessAbstract
Brown and Kulik [Brown R, Kulik J (1977) Cognition 5:73-99] introduced the term "flashbulb memory" to describe the recall of shocking, consequential events such as hearing news of a presidential assassination. They proposed that the vivid detail of such memories results from the action of a unique neural mechanism. In the present study of personal recollections of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) in New York City, we combine behavioral and brain imaging techniques, with two goals: (i) to explore the neural basis of such memories and (ii) to clarify the characteristics of the emotional events that may give rise to them. Three years after the terrorist attacks, participants were asked to retrieve memories of 9/11, as well as memories of personally selected control events from 2001. At the time of the attacks, some participants were in Downtown Manhattan, close to the World Trade Center; others were in Midtown, a few miles away. The Downtown participants exhibited selective activation of the amygdala as they recalled events from 9/11, but not while they recalled control events. This was not the case for the Midtown participants. Moreover, only the Downtown participants reported emotionally enhanced recollective experiences while recalling events from 9/11, as compared with control events. These results suggest that close personal experience may be critical in engaging the neural mechanisms that underlie the emotional modulation of memory and thus in producing the vivid recollections to which the term flashbulb memory is often applied.
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“Numerous behavioral cognitive studies have observed dissociations between memory accuracy and memory confidence [89–95].”
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“Thus, Sharot & Yonelinas [91] showed that emotion had no effect on recall when tested immediately after encoding, but only after a delay.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sharot, T., Martorella, E. A., Delgado, M. R., & Phelps, E. A.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-01-02
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 389-394
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1713166
- OpenAlex
- W2118059904
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH62104, R01MH062104)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- flashbulb memory, September 11 attacks, memory vividness, amygdala, personal experience, memory retrieval, World Trade Center, neural basis of memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Brain, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Mental Recall, Terrorism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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