Apolipoprotein E ε4 is associated with disease-specific effects on brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Open accessAbstract
Apolipoprotein ε4 (apoE4) has been strongly linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to several other neurological disorders. We investigated the influence of ε4 allele carrier status on the pattern of gray matter atrophy and disease severity in 51 patients with probable AD and 31 patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), compared with 56 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry was performed by using statistical parametric mapping. The ε4 allele frequency was higher in the AD group ( P < 0.001) than the controls but not in the bvFTD group. No differences in demographic or cognitive profiles were observed between ε4 allele carriers and noncarriers within any of the diagnostic groups. However, ε4 carrier status was associated with more severe brain atrophy in disease-specific regions compared with noncarriers in both AD and bvFTD. AD ε4 carriers showed greater atrophy in the bilateral parietal cortex and right hippocampus, and bvFTD ε4 carriers demonstrated greater atrophy in the bilateral medial, dorsolateral, and orbital frontal cortex, anterior insula, and cingulate cortex with right predominance. This regional ε4 effect is consistent with the hypothesis that apoE may affect the morphologic expression uniquely in different neurodegenerative diseases. The atrophy patterns in ε4 carriers may indicate that they are at greater risk for clinical progression.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
APOE ε4 carriers show earlier disease onset, heavier amyloid-β plaque load, greater brain atrophy, and accelerated disease progression compared to non-carriers.
“The ε4 allele is significantly enriched in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and ε4-carrying patients show earlier disease onset92, heavier amyloid-β plaque load in the brain93, greater brain atrophy94, and accelerated disease progression69 compared to patients who do not carry this allele.”
From Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight (2018) · cites this paper as [94]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018 · Cited by 7,507 · see citing works
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria
Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., Freedman, M., Kertesz, A., Robert, P. H., Albert, M., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.6.1546 · Cited by 5,047 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein E: Cholesterol Transport Protein with Expanding Role in Cell Biology
Mahley, R. W. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3283935 · Cited by 4,028 · see citing works
Analysis of fMRI Time-Series Revisited
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Poline, J., Grasby, P. M., Williams, S., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Turner, R. (1995) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1007 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
HYMAN, B. T., & TROJANOWSKI, J. Q. (1997) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199710000-00002 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
Clinical and Pathological Diagnosis of Frontotemporal Dementia
McKhann, G. M. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.11.1803 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Consensus Recommendations for the Postmortem Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
(1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00057-2 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Holtzman, D. M., Bales, K. R., Tenkova, T., Fagan, A. M., Parsadanian, M., Sartorius, L. J., Mackey, B., Olney, J., McKeel, D., Wozniak, D., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.050004797 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Huang, Y. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600549103 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Patterns of brain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia
Rosen, H. J., Gorno–Tempini, M. L., Goldman, W. P., Perry, R. J., Schuff, N., Weiner, M., Feiwell, R., Kramer, J. H., & Miller, B. L. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.2.198 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontal Paralimbic Network Atrophy in Very Mild Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia
Seeley, W. W., Crawford, R., Rascovsky, K., Kramer, J. H., Weiner, M., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2007.38 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontotemporal dementia: Clinicopathological correlations
Forman, M. S., Farmer, J., Johnson, J. K., Clark, C. M., Arnold, S. E., Coslett, H. B., Chatterjee, A., Hurtig, H. I., Karlawish, J. H., Rosen, H. J., et al. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20873 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Self-citationThe topography of grey matter involvement in early and late onset Alzheimer's disease
Frisoni, G. B., Pievani, M., Testa, C., Sabattoli, F., Bresciani, L. C., Bonetti, M., Beltramello, A., Hayashi, K. M., Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl377 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Good, C. D., Scahill, R. I., Fox, N. C., Ashburner, J., Friston, K. J., Chan, D., Crum, W. R., Rossor, M. N., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1202 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
11 C-PIB PET imaging in Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Rabinovici, G. D., Furst, A. J., O’Neil, J. P., Racine, C. A., Mormino, E. C., Baker, S. L., Chetty, S., Patel, P. R., Pagliaro, T. A., Klunk, W. E., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000259035.98480.ed · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical and pathological correlates of apolipoprotein E ε4 in Alzheimer's disease
Gomez‐Isla, T., West, H. L., Rebeck, G. W., Harr, S. D., Growdon, J. H., Locascio, J. J., Perls, T. T., Lipsitz, L. A., & Hyman, B. T. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390110 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Rabinovici, G. D., Seeley, W. W., Kim, E. J., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Rascovsky, K., Pagliaro, T. A., Allison, S. C., Halabi, C., Kramer, J. H., Johnson, J. K., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317507308779 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Phenotypes in Alzheimer's Disease and Genetic Risk
Snowden, J. S., Stopford, C. L., Julien, C. L., Thompson, J. C., Davidson, Y., Gibbons, L., Pritchard, A., Lendon, C. L., Richardson, A. M., Varma, A., et al. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70683-x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Beck, J. A., Rohrer, J. D., Campbell, T., Isaacs, A. M., Morrison, K. E., Goodall, G., Warrington, E. K., Stevens, J., Révész, T., Holton, J. L., et al. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm320 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
APOE ε4 allele predicts faster cognitive decline in mild Alzheimer disease
Cosentino, S., Scarmeas, N., Helzner, E., Glymour, M. M., Brandt, J., Albert, M., Blacker, D., & Stern, Y. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000304038.37421.cc · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Rademakers, R., Baker, M. C., Gass, J. M., Adamson, J. L., Huey, E. D., Momeni, P., Spina, S., Coppola, G., Karydas, A. M., Stewart, H. G., et al. (2007) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70221-1 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationLehtovirta, M., Laakso, M. P., Soininen, H. S., Helisalmi, S., Mannermaa, A., Helkala, E.-L., Partanen, K. P. L., Ryynänen, M., Vainio, P. A., Hartikainen, P. H., et al. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00014-a · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E controls the risk and age at onset of Parkinson disease
Li, Y., Hauser, M. A., Scott, W. K., Martin, E. R., Booze, M. W., Qin, X., Walter, J. W., NANCE, M. A., Hubble, J. P., Koller, W. C., et al. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000128089.53030.ac · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Farrer, L. A. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Intron-3 Retention/Splicing Controls Neuronal Expression of Apolipoprotein E in the CNS
Xu, Q., Walker, D., Bernardo, A., Brodbeck, J., Balestra, M. E., & Huang, Y. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3253-07.2008 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Ariza, M. (2006) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.085167 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E genotype and hippocampal asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease: a volumetric MRI study
Geroldi, C. (2000) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.68.1.93 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Accelerated hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease with apolipoprotein E ε4 allele
Mori, E., Lee, K., Yasuda, M., Hashimoto, M., Kazui, H., Hirono, N., & Matsui, M. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10093 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mahley, R. W., & Huang, Y. (2006) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00679.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E is associated with age at onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Li, Y., Pericak‐Vance, M. A., Haines, J. L., Siddique, N., McKenna-Yasek, D. M., Hung, W.-Y., Sapp, P. C., Allen, C. I., Chen, W., Hosler, B. A., et al. (2004) · Neurogenetics · doi:10.1007/s10048-004-0193-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Familial Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Tsuang, D. W., Dalan, A. M., Eugenio, C. J., Poorkaj, P., Limprasert, P., Spada, A. R. L., Steinbart, E. J., Bird, T. D., & Leverenz, J. B. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.10.1622 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The effects of APOE and tau gene variability on risk of frontotemporal dementia
Bernardi, L., Maletta, R., Tomaino, C., Smirne, N., Natale, M. D., Perri, M., Longo, T., Colao, R., Curcio, S. A. M., Puccio, G., et al. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Dose dependent effect of APOE ε4 on behavioral symptoms in frontal lobe dementia
Engelborghs, S., Dermaut, B., Mariën, P., Symons, A., Vloeberghs, E., Maertens, K., Somers, N., Goeman, J., Rademakers, R., den Broeck, M. V., et al. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.02.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E genotype and memory in the sixth decade of life
Schultz, M. R., Lyons, M. J., Franz, C. E., Grant, M. D., Boake, C., Jacobson, K. C., Xian, H., Schellenberg, G. D., Eisen, S. A., & Kremen, W. S. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000286941.74372.cc · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Marra, C., Bizzarro, A., Daniele, A., Luca, L. D., Ferraccioli, M., Valenza, A., Brahe, C., Tiziano, F. D., Gainotti, G., & Masullo, C. (2004) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000079191 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sha, S. J., Hou, C. E., Viskontas, I. V., & Miller, B. L. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0357 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationSrinivasan, R. (2006) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.063966 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tian, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.012096 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
APOE and modulation of Alzheimer's and frontotemporal dementia
Boccardi, M., Sabattoli, F., Testa, C., Beltramello, A., Soininen, H. S., & Frisoni, G. B. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.042 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Differences in regional brain atrophy in genetic forms of Alzheimer's disease
Gregory, G. C., Macdonald, V., Schofield, P. R., Kril, J. J., & Halliday, G. M. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in German patients with frontotemporal degeneration
Riemenschneider, M. J. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.5.639 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
ApoE genotype and cognition after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a longitudinal study
Louko, A.-M., Vilkki, J. S., & Niskakangas, T. (2006) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00676.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ApoE4 markedly exacerbates tau-mediated neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy
Initiative, A. D. N., Shi, Y., Yamada, K., Liddelow, S. A., Smith, S. T., Zhao, L., Luo, W., Tsai, R. M., Spina, S., Grinberg, L. T., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24016 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders
Verghese, P. B., Castellano, J. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70325-2 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Structure and function in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and Alzheimer’s diseases
Huang, Y., & Mahley, R. W. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.025 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies
Raulin, A.-C., Doss, S. V., Trottier, Z. A., Ikezu, T. C., Bu, G., & Liu, C.-C. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight
Shi, Y., & Holtzman, D. M. (2018) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0051-1 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress to Date and the Path Forward
Belloy, M. E., Napolioni, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.056 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Glial contributions to neurodegeneration in tauopathies
Leyns, C. E. G., & Holtzman, D. M. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0192-x · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein e sets the stage: response to injury triggers neuropathology
Mahley, R. W., & Huang, Y. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.020 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Wolk, D. A., Dickerson, B. C., Initiative, T. A. D. N., Weiner, M., Aiello, M., Aisen, P., Albert, M. S., Alexander, G., Anderson, H. S., Anderson, K., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1001412107 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationUddin, M. S., Kabir, M. T., Al Mamun, A., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Barreto, G. E., & Ashraf, G. M. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1237-z · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Huynh, T.-P. V., Davis, A. A., Ulrich, J. D., & Holtzman, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r075481 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Litvinchuk, A., Suh, J. H., Guo, J. L., Lin, K., Davis, S. S., Bien-Ly, N., Tycksen, E., Tabor, G. T., Remolina Serrano, J., Manis, M., et al. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.023 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Tzioras, M., Davies, C., Newman, A., Jackson, R., & Spires‐Jones, T. (2019) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12529 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Litvinchuk, A., Huynh, T. V., Shi, Y., Jackson, R. J., Finn, M. B., Manis, M., Francis, C. M., Tran, A. C., Sullivan, P. M., Ulrich, J. D., et al. (2021) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26043 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Astrocyte-secreted glypican-4 drives APOE4-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation
Saroja, S. R., Gorbachev, K., Julia, T., Goate, A. M., & Pereira, A. C. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2108870119 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Early and late onset Alzheimer’s disease patients have distinct patterns of white matter damage.
Canu, E., Frisoni, G. B., Agosta, F., Pievani, M., Bonetti, M., & Filippi, M. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.021 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationLarramona-Arcas, R., González-Arias, C., Perea, G., Gutiérrez, A., Vitorica, J., García-Barrera, T., Gómez-Ariza, J. L., Pascua-Maestro, R., Ganfornina, M. D., Kara, E., et al. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00382-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cholesterol Dysmetabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Starring Role for Astrocytes?
Staurenghi, E., Giannelli, S., Testa, G., Sottero, B., Leonarduzzi, G., & Gamba, P. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10121890 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Preman, P., Moechars, D., Fertan, E., Wolfs, L., Serneels, L., Shah, D., Lamote, J., Poovathingal, S., Snellinx, A., Mancuso, R., et al. (2024) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s44321-024-00162-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Ha, J., Park, J., Lee, B., Moon, E., Chung, Y., Kim, J., Kim, H., Mun, C., Kim, T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.12207 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
High-density lipoprotein-related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer's disease
Pedrini, S., Chatterjee, P., Hone, E., & Martins, R. N. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15170 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Agosta, F., Vossel, K. A., Miller, B. L., Migliaccio, R., Bonasera, S. J., Filippi, M., Boxer, A. L., Karydas, A., Possin, K. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 350 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 905, San Francisco, CA 94143;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-02-10
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2018-2022
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2644156
- OpenAlex
- W1972969270
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association (AG027859, NIRG-07-59422)
- Larry L. Hillblom Foundation (P50-AG03006, P01 AG019724, R01 NS050915)
- Canadian Centre for Applied Research in Cancer Control
- National Institutes of Health (P50 AG03006, AG019724, NS050915)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG022983, P50 AG03006, R01AG027859, AG027859, P01AG019724)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23 NS408855, R01NS050915)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Keywords
- APOE ε4, Alzheimer's disease, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, gray matter atrophy, brain atrophy patterns, disease severity, genetic risk factors, hippocampal atrophy, parietal cortex, frontal cortex, anterior insula, cingulate cortex, clinical progression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Atrophy, Brain, Brain Mapping, Dementia, Gene Frequency, Hippocampus, Humans, Middle Aged, Parietal Lobe, Prognosis, Temporal Lobe, Case-Control Studies, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
