The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 99 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Autism as a disorder of prediction
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Autism is characterized by diverse behavioral traits. Guided by theoretical considerations and empirical data, this paper develops the hypothesis that many of autism's salient traits may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities. This impairment renders an otherwise orderly world to be experienced as a capriciously “magical” one. The hypothesis elucidates the information-processing roots of autism and, thereby, can aid the identification of neural structures likely to be differentially affected. Behavioral and neural measures of prediction might serve as early assays of predictive abilities in infants, and serve as useful tools in intervention design and in monitoring their effectiveness. The hypothesis also points to avenues for further research to determine molecular and circuit-level causal underpinnings of predictive impairments.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 99 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The underlying domains all constitute temporally unfolding Markov systems, with progressions from one state to another governed by probabilistic links (Fig. 1 A ).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
- Not checked yetcites [9]
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence of this shift, several relationships that are evident to a neurotypical individual would become undetectable to a person with autism.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It is estimated that more than one-third of all individuals on the autism spectrum display some form of IoS (14).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Insistence on sameness (IoS) is a hallmark feature of autism.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Predictability is a fundamental modulator of anxiety in that reduction in the ability to predict events, even without any associated aversive consequence, enhances anxious responses (21, 22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Abbott BB, Badia P (1986) Predictable versus unpredictable shock conditions and physiological measures of stress: A reply to Arthur. Psychol Bull 100:384 -387. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Herry C, et al. (2007) Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27(22):5958 -5966. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Past research with diverse populations has shown that environmental unpredictability is strongly correlated with anxiety (16 -20).”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These hypersensitivities cannot be explained as outcomes of abnormally enhanced sensation (29 -31).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] DePape A-MR, Hall GBC, Tillmann B, Trainor LJ (2012) Auditory processing in highfunctioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ONE 7(9):e44084. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bölte S, et al. (2012) A close eye on the eagle-eyed visual acuity hypothesis of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 42(5):726 -733. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Ashwin E, Ashwin C, Rhydderch D, Howells J, Baron-Cohen S (2009) Eagle-eyed visual acuity: An experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism. Biol Psychiatry 65(1):17 -21. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that stimming may be an anxiolytic response to a chaotic world: an attempt to drown out the influx of unpredictable environmental information by self-generated periodic and, hence, more predictable information.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A direct corollary is that reduced habituation reduces stimulus suppression.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies with neurologically healthy humans and animals reveal that the ritualistic behaviors that emerge under conditions of unpredictability serve as a calming response to an externally imposed stressor (25, 26).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Maier NRF (1939) Studies of Abnormal Behavior in the Rat (Harper, New York).
- Not checked yetcites [26] Eilam D, Izhar R, Mort J (2011) Threat detection: Behavioral practices in animals and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(4):999 -1006. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we describe how theoretical considerations and a review of empirical data lead to the hypothesis that some salient aspects of the autism phenotype may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities.”
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hypothesis of predictive impairment in autism (PIA) posits that autism may be associated with inaccuracies in estimating the P (B j A, Δ t ) conditional probability.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To perform well in these domains, one necessarily needs to estimate the underlying Markov system, i.e., the matrix of interstate transition probabilities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A reduction in one ' s predictive ability would, in this space, manifest as a shift of the ASF toward the upper left.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“from an observed temporal sequence, the brain has to estimate the conditional probability P (B j A, Δ t )”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is estimated that nearly 90% of all children on the autism spectrum suffer from sensory abnormalities, often hypersensitivities, to stimuli that a neurotypical individual could easily ignore (28).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Leekam SR, Nieto C, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J (2007) Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37(5):894 -910. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results suggest that rituals and an insistence on sameness may be a consequence of, and a way to mitigate, anxiety arising out of unpredictability.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a parsimonious interpretation of the reliance on rituals and stimming behaviors observed in autism is that they emerge from, and represent attempts to minimize, the consequences of unpredictability.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A key determinant of habituation is stimulus predictability. For typically developing subjects, predictability of a sequence is directly proportional to the extent of habituation it induces (22, 34 -36).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Herry C, et al. (2007) Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27(22):5958 -5966. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Sokolov EN (1960) The Central Nervous System and Behavior III (Macy Foundation, New York).
- Not checked yetcites [35] McDaniel JW (1964) The effects of stimulus predictability upon auditory habituation and acquisition. Dissertation (Texas Technical College, Lubbock, TX).
- Not checked yetcites [36] Turk-Browne NB, Scholl BJ, Chun MM (2008) Babies and brains: Habituation in infant cognition and functional neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2:16.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Computational systems for dynamic object tracking rely on predictive techniques such as Kalman filtering (46). These systems demonstrate that a key consequence of impaired prediction is errors in online position estimation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Welch G, Bishop G (2001) An introduction to the Kalman Filter. Proc SIGGRAPH 2001 (Association for Computing Machinery, Los Angeles), pp 19 -24.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduction in discerning predictive relationships between events in a stimulus sequence would reduce a person ' s ability to predict the onset of the next event. Such a lack of predictability would compromise habituation and lead to hypersensitivity.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theory of mind requires the ability to ascribe invisible causes to observations about a person by connecting past history with current behavior.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the PIA hypothesis suggests that an endogenous predictive impairment causes environmental stimuli to appear more chaotic, leading to reduced habituation and hence greater stress.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated that unpredictability of stressors is one of the key aspects of torture and leads to the development of anxiety, fear, and aversion (19, 37).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bas ¸o glu M, Mineka S (1992) The role of uncontrollable and unpredictable stress in posttraumatic stress responses in torture survivors. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 185 -255.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the prediction systems of the brain are differentially affected in autism, then one can expect that the skills left largely untouched would be the ones that are deterministic and where good performance does not depend on estimates of temporally unfolding conditional probabilities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hyperarousal of these structures would, in turn, be expected to lead to hypermalleability of learning; current exposure would have disproportionate weight and supersede earlier experience, constituting a kind of ' hyperplasticity. '”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of them, especially mathematics calendar calculations and music, are strongly rule-based, and, thus, minimize uncertainty of outcomes. Furthermore, with the exception of music, they are static, thereby obviating the need for prediction over time.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent studies (84, 85) have also documented these observations.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Lyons V, Fitzgerald M (2004) Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 34(5):521 -531. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Samson AC, Huber O, Ruch W (2013) Seven decades after Hans Asperger ' s observations: A comprehensive study of humor in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Humor 26:441 -460. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In describing his patients, Hans Asperger had noted that ' an essential characteristic of these children is their humorlessness. They do not understand jokes . . . ' (83).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Asperger H (1944) Die ' Autistischen Psychopathen ' im Kindesalter. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 117:76 -136.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the notion of core impairments, shared by most cases of autism, seems to be at odds with the heterogeneity of the phenotype.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on theoretical considerations and a review of past literature, we believe that predictive impairment may constitute an endophenotype shared across individuals.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Autism can have many etiologies, and yet, there is some commonality across manifestations, hence a shared clinical diagnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Tager-Flusberg H, Joseph RM (2003) Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358(1430):303 -314. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Losh M, Childress D, Lam K, Piven J (2008) Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(4):424 -433. source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Jones W, Klin A (2009) Heterogeneity and homogeneity across the autism spectrum: The role of development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(5):471 -473. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such parametric differences may help account for the phenotypic variability observed across individuals on the autism spectrum and also potentially provide the basis for a principled taxonomy of different autism subtypes.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is certainly possible that the different autistic traits have different etiologies, what is appealing about the PIA hypothesis is its parsimony -an account that is able to provide a unifying explanation for not just a single trait, but for several of them.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Motor difficulties are believed to arise from abnormalities in the cerebellum (106).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Mostofsky SH, et al. (2009) Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain 132(Pt 9):2413 -2425. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Explanatory accounts have indeed been offered for each of the autistic traits we have described in Sections 2 and 3 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Takeuchi M, Harada M, Nishitani H (2002) Deficiency of ' theory of mind ' in autism estimated by fMRI. Int Congr Ser 1232:737 -740. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 2(12):493 -501. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hadjikhani N (2007) Mirror neuron system and autism Progress in Autism Research , ed Carlisle PC, (Nova Science Publishers, Happauge, NY), pp 151 -166.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, difficulties in Theory of Mind have been suggested as arising from abnormalities of the cortical substrates for social cognition (102) or in the mirror neuron system (refs. 103 and 104 but see 105).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Takeuchi M, Harada M, Nishitani H (2002) Deficiency of ' theory of mind ' in autism estimated by fMRI. Int Congr Ser 1232:737 -740. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 2(12):493 -501. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hadjikhani N (2007) Mirror neuron system and autism Progress in Autism Research , ed Carlisle PC, (Nova Science Publishers, Happauge, NY), pp 151 -166.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Autism has multiple causes.
“Autism likely owes its genesis to a multiplicity of causes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
“A key role in suppressing sustained stimulation is played by our ability to habituate.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There may be important differences in neurobiological, emotional and cognitive responses to stressors for autistic people, which warrant tailored anxiety models, assessments and interventions [24].”
From Autistic Cognition: Charting Routes to Anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with autism even being cast as a 'disorder of prediction' [136].”
From How Do Expectations Shape Perception? (2018) · cites this paper as [136]
In the citing paper
“In the elaboration of the Bayesian brain hypothesis of ASD (2) and subsequent theoretical papers (3, 4, 97–99), results from numerous earlier cognitive and psychophysical studies were re-interpreted post hoc in the novel framework.”
From Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? (2016) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“A theory of ASD that is rapidly gaining credibility is the notion that individuals with ASD do not have a robust historical representation of the world. This lack of a probabilistic “map” of the world makes it difficult for those with ASD to predict upcoming events, and this lack of predictive coding thus limits interactions with the external environment (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Sinha et al., 2014
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.1998.712192 · Cited by 27,225
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.2004.842673 · Cited by 25,268
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
Clark, A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000477 · Cited by 5,924 · cited 1×
“This program of research can build on the exciting body of recent work that has been investigating the prediction and reward machinery in the neurotypical brain, both in humans and other animals (108).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- G Welch G Bishop An introduction to the Kalman Filter. Proc SIGGRAPH 2001 (Association for Computing Machinery Los Angeles) pp 19–24. (2001).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 560
Temporal preparation in adults with autistic spectrum disorder: The variable foreperiod effect
Girardi, G., Fernández, L. G., Leboyer, M., Latimier, A., Sylvie Chokron, A., & Zalla, T. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2573 · Cited by 8
Resilience phenotypes derived from an active inference account of allostasis
Harrison, L., Gracias, A. J., Friston, K. J., & Buckwalter, J. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1524722 · Cited by 11
Cacciato‐Salcedo, S., Lao-Rodríguez, A. B., & Malmierca, M. S. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003309 · Cited by 8
“The predictive coding theory of autism provides a unifying framework to explain core symptoms [3,8,9,11,22–28].”
Obtaining Testimony from Autistic People
Maras, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70913-6_7 · Cited by 10
Strategic decision making and prediction differences in autism
Mantas, V., Pehlivanidis, A., Papanikolaou, Κ., Kotoula, V., & Papageorgiou, C. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13328 · Cited by 6
“Within the last decade, a few theories have been proposed, suggesting that some of the perceptual and cognitive differences in autism might be directly or indirectly linked to altered processes of prediction (Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKosaki, Y., & Watanabe, S. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.001 · Cited by 7
“As recently argued by Sinha et al. (2014), dysfunctional predictive learning may lead to the unpredictability of environmental events for individuals with ASD, which may then result in anxiety and sensory hypersensitivities, as well as insistence on sameness as an attempt to minimise the stress…”
BackgroundAutistic Traits Affect P300 Response to Unexpected Events, regardless of Mental State Inferences
Ishikawa, M., Itakura, S., & Tanabe, H. (2017) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2017/8195129 · Cited by 8
Nigmatullina, I., Vasina, V., & Mukhamedshina, Y. O. (2021) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0953-4_7 · Cited by 7
Anquetil, M., Roche‐Labarbe, N., & Rossi, S. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1640 · Cited by 10
Cognitive Individuality and Underlying Creativity in Statistical LearningPreprint
Daikoku, T., Kamermans, K. L., & Minatoya, M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.17179/excli2023-6135 · Cited by 8
Musachio, E. A. S., Andrade, S. S., Meichtry, L. B., Fernandes, E. J., de Almeida, P. P., Janner, D. E., Dahleh, M. M. M., Guerra, G. P., & Prigol, M. (2024) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107348 · Cited by 7
Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Uddin, L. Q. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139941297.016 · Cited by 7
Autistic Children's Use of Technology and Media
Alarcon-Licona, S., & Loke, L. (2017) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3078072.3084338 · Cited by 7
Wagner, L., Cakar, M. E., Banchik, M., Chiem, E., Glynn, S. S., Than, A., Green, S. A., & Dapretto, M. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101514 · Cited by 7
“In fact, ASD is often regarded as a disorder of predictive ability (Sinha et al., 2014).”
The Temporal Scaffolding of Sensory Organization
Sinha, P., Vogelsang, L., Vogelsang, M., Yonas, A., & DIAMOND, S. P. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032525-040352 · Cited by 8
“Autistic individuals have also been shown to overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment (Lawson et al. 2017) and have been associated with difficulties in higher-order predictive processing across longer temporal intervals (Sinha et al. 2014a, Cannon et al. 2021).”
Self-citationKnowing when to respond: the role of visual information in conversational turn exchanges
Latif, N., Alsius, A., & Munhall, K. G. (2017) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1428-0 · Cited by 8
Wadhera, T., & Kakkar, D. (2020) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3069-6.ch017 · Cited by 6
Lauretti, M. A., Moran, M. F., Foley, J. T., Parker, M. E., & Weiss, M. J. (2021) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-021-00208-8 · Cited by 6
Waldman, J., McPaul, A., & Jahoda, A. J. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221111313 · Cited by 10
“Sensory prediction processes have been linked with sensory processing differences in autistic people (Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundProbabilistic Learning of Cue-Outcome Associations is not Influenced by Autistic Traits
Ong, J. H., & Liu, F. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05690-0 · Cited by 6
Neural response and representation: Facial expressions in scenes
Cao, F., Zeng, K., Zheng, J., Yu, L., Liu, S., Zhang, L., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14184 · Cited by 6
Neurobiological insights into twice-exceptionality: Circuits, cells, and molecules
Kelvington, B. A., Nickl‐Jockschat, T., & Abel, T. G. (2022) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107684 · Cited by 10
Vaskevich, A., & Torres, E. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1033776 · Cited by 6
“…support a wide range of basic human skills such as discrimination, categorization, and segmentation of continuous information (Saffran et al., 1996; Romberg and Saffran, 2010; Christiansen, 2019) and predictive aspects of social interactions (Torres et al., 2013a; Sinha, 2014; Crivello et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDevelopmental change in predictive motor abilities
Park, S., Cardinaux, A. L., Crozier, D., Russo, M., Kjelgaard, M., Sinha, P., & Sternad, D. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106038 · Cited by 8
Self-citationDo we all synch alike? Brain–body-environment interactions in ASD
Beker, S., & Molholm, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1275896 · Cited by 6
Word meaning is complex: Language-related generalization differences in autistic adults
Cuneo, N., Floyd, S., & Goldberg, A. E. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105691 · Cited by 6
“For example, autism has been claimed to be a prediction disorder (Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014), although the evidence is mixed (Cannon, O ’ Brien, Bungert, & Sinha, 2021; Prescott et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAchermann, S., Falck‐Ytter, T., Bölte, S., & Nyström, P. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04876-2 · Cited by 6
Predictability modulates neural response to eye contact in ASD
Naples, A. J., Foss‐Feig, J. H., Wolf, J. M., Srihari, V. H., & McPartland, J. C. (2022) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-022-00519-0 · Cited by 9
“The social world can be unpredictable, and our results show that for some people with ASD, eye-contact can be differentially modulated by this unpredictability, fitting with multiple theories [23, 25, 26, 73].”
Tan, C.-H., Xing, Q.-Q., Zhao, Y., Song, B.-H., Zhu, C., Qiu, J., He, M.-Y., & Liu, D. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102199 · Cited by 8
Hess, S., Self, T. L., & DiLollo, A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3316-9 · Cited by 6
Fencková, M., Asztalos, L., Čížek, P., Singgih, E. L., Blok, L. E. R., Glennon, J. C., IntHout, J., Zweier, C., Eichler, E. E., Bernier, R., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/285981 · Cited by 6
“In particular, defective cortical filtering of sensory stimuli and information 95 overload, as expected to arise from habituation deficits, are thought to represent a critical 96 mechanism underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (8, 9).”
BackgroundPredictive neural processing in adult zebrafish depends on shank3bPreprint
Huang, K., Rupprecht, P., Schebesta, M., Serluca, F. C., Kitamura, K., Bouwmeester, T., & Friedrich, R. W. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/546457 · Cited by 5
“13 Aberrant Processing of Prediction Errors in shank3b‐/‐ fish An imbalance between sensory input and an internal prediction has been proposed to create a sensory overload that underlies key symptoms of autism such as repetitive behaviors (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Friston et al., 2013; Lawson et al., 2014; Lawson et…”
BackgroundPredictive filtering of sensory response via orbitofrontal top-down inputPreprint
Tsukano, H., Garcia, M. M., Dandu, P. R., & Kato, H. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613562 · Cited by 6
“…focused on mechanisms for short-term plasticity lasting from milliseconds to seconds, known as “stimulus-specific adaptation” ( 14 – 21 ), habituation also extends to longer periods—days or even weeks ( 22 – 26 )—as evidenced by the gradual reduction in our sensitivity to perfumes or traffic noise.”
BackgroundPredictive Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Atypical Iterative Prior Updating Account
Shi, Z., Allenmark, F., Theisinger, L. A., Pistorius, R. L., Glasauer, S., Müller, H. J., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100468 · Cited by 23
“Despite different explanations, both types of models agree that individuals with ASD have distinct predictive processing (7) and tend to prioritize sensory information.”
Autistic traits relate to speed/accuracy trade-off but not statistical learning and updating
Hann, F., Pesthy, O., Brezóczki, B., Vékony, T., Nagy, C. A., Sapey‐Triomphe, L., Tóth-Fáber, E., Farkas, B. C., Farkas, K., & Németh, D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16138-7 · Cited by 5
A systematic review of statistical learning in autism spectrum disorder
Bell, R. R., Thomas, H., Saffran, J. R., & Eigsti, I. (2025) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-025-00697-7 · Cited by 6
Do autistic children differ in language-mediated prediction?
Huettig, F., Voeten, C. C., Pascual, E., Liang, J., & Hintz, F. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105571 · Cited by 5
“Sinha and colleagues (Cannon et al., 2021; Sinha et al., 2014), for example, proposed that some typical phenotypes of autism, such as insistence on sameness, sensory hypersensitivities, difficulties interacting with dynamic objects, difficulties with theory of mind, and islands of proficiency…”
BackgroundSpontaneous instrumental approach-avoidance learning in social contexts in autism
Beaurenaut, M., Kovarski, K., Destais, C. A., Mennella, R., & Grèzes, J. (2024) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-024-00610-8 · Cited by 6
“Evidence suggests that ASC individuals have difficulty extracting the statistical structure, i.e., the predictability, of environments that vary in terms of action opportunities and their consequences [44–48].”
BackgroundAutism: a transdiagnostic, dimensional, construct of reasoning?
Aggernæs, B. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13599 · Cited by 7
“As stated by Szatmari (2000), and consistent with Belmonte et al.”
BackgroundResultCutaneous and stick rabbit illusions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Wada, M., Ide, M., Ikeda, H., Sano, M., Tanaka, A., Suzuki, M., Agarie, H., Kim, S.-Y., Tajima, S., Nishimaki, K., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58536-z · Cited by 5
Scope of Virtual Reality to Autism Intervention
Lahiri, U. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-40237-2_4 · Cited by 6
Fukui, T., Chakrabarty, M., Sano, M., Tanaka, A., Suzuki, M., Kim, S.-Y., Agarie, H., Fukatsu, R., Nishimaki, K., Nakajima, Y., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90230-6 · Cited by 5
Investigating intra-individual variability of face scanning in autistic children
Wang, Q., Lu, H., Feng, S., Song, C., Hu, Y., & Yi, L. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211064373 · Cited by 5
“This could explain why autistic individuals may be less able to learn the correct probabilities and statistics from external events, especially from everyday social situations, and provides novel evidence for the notion that impairment within the ASC phenotype is linked to their poor predictive ability (Lawson et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialA cybernetic theory of autism: Autism as a consequence of low trait plasticity
Rogers, M. A., Elison, J. T., Blain, S. D., & DeYoung, C. G. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12804 · Cited by 7
Autism and intention attribution test: a non-verbal evaluation with comic strips
Donne, I. L., Attanasio, M., Bologna, A., Vagnetti, R., Masedu, F., Valenti, M., & Mazza, M. (2023) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00461-2 · Cited by 8
Viktorsson, C., Bölte, S., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06118-z · Cited by 5
“Although speculative, it is possible that difficulties understanding the gesture or the situation more generally is linked to general atypicalities in predictive abilities (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundVisual neuroscience: A specialised neural pathway for social perception
Pitcher, D. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.020 · Cited by 7
Predictive processing of music and language in autism: Evidence from Mandarin and English speakers
Zhao, C., Ong, J. H., Veić, A., Patel, A. D., Jiang, C., Fogel, A. R., Wang, L., Hou, Q., Das, D., Crasto, C., et al. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3133 · Cited by 8
“…sensory and higher-level information processing (Gomot & Wicker, 2012), attenuated use of prior higher-level social stimuli (Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; van Boxtel & Lu, 2013; Van de Cruys et al., 2014), and reduced speed of integrating new information to guide behavior — “…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPark, S., Cardinaux, A. L., Crozier, D., Russo, M., Bond, S. F., Kjelgaard, M., Sinha, P., & Sternad, D. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3246 · Cited by 5
“Recent hypotheses have posited that many features of the complex ASD phenotype, including differences in cognitive, linguistic, social and motoric domains, may be manifestations of predictive weaknesses (Lawson et al., 2014; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
Self-citationDomellöf, E., & Säfström, D. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116623 · Cited by 5
Prediction Impairment May Explain Communication Difficulties in Autism
Scholten, I., Hartman, C. A., & Hendriks, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734024 · Cited by 5
“This hypothesis states that autistic individuals show abnormalities in generating and updating predictions about language and can be seen as the linguistic version of a more general hypothesis about predictive processing differences between autistic individual and neurotypicals (see Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et…”
BackgroundThe Cerebellum as a CNS Hub Modulating Autism-Relevant Behaviors
Rice, L. C., & Stoodley, C. J. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75817-2_20 · Cited by 5
A New Real-Life Test for Reciprocity in Autistic Adults: The Interactive Drawing Test
van Ommeren, T. B., Vreugdenhil, M., Koot, H. M., Spek, A. A., Scheeren, A. M., Jertberg, R., & Begeer, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842902 · Cited by 5
“Autistic characteristics such as the difficulty to deal with unexpected situations and the preference for predictability and having control (33) might also have stimulated participants with ASD to draw their own objects, or to change the object of the examiner into his/her own object (see Figure 1).”
BackgroundRhythm in Interactions between Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Mothers
Papoulidi, A., Papaeliou, C. F., & Samartzi, S. (2017) · Timing & Time Perception · doi:10.1163/22134468-00002082 · Cited by 5
Other and other waters in the river: Autism and the futility of prediction
Belmonte, M. K. (2020) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x19003194 · Cited by 5
Pathogenicity of Endocrine Dysregulation in AutismPreprint
Swierczynski, A. (2018) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0359.v1 · Cited by 4
“Impaired access to prior events and experiences may lend itself to poor predictive skills, which has been suggested to be a contributing factor in the manifestation of the self-stimulatory behaviors common in ASD [191, 230].”
BackgroundA reverse Turing-test for predicting social deficits in people with AutismPreprint
d’Arc, B. F., Devaine, M., & Jean Daunizeau, A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/414540 · Cited by 5
“Somewhat paradoxically, this also highlights the importance of forging social and non-social neurocognitive theories, which can bridge the gap between biological and clinical observations in ASD [7,8].”
BackgroundIndividual prediction tendencies do not generalize across modalities
Schubert, J., Suess, N., & Weisz, N. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14435 · Cited by 3
“…differences in handling predictions or in overall “prediction tendency” have been associated with clinical psychological conditions, such as autism (Sinha et al., 2014), schizophrenia (Sterzer et al., 2018), depression (Barrett et al., 2016), PTSD (Kube et al., 2020) and tinnitus (Par-tyka et…”
BackgroundRobles, M., Ramos-Grille, I., Amaia Hervas, G., Duran‐Tauleria, E., Galiano-Landeira, J., Wormwood, J. B., Falter‐Wagner, C. M., & Chanes, L. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100440 · Cited by 6
“…of prediction error compared to predictions (Friston et al., 2013; Lawson et al., 2014; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Quattrocki & Friston, 2014a; Sinha et al., 2014; van de Cruys et al., 2014; for a recent review, see, Cannon et al., 2021), leading to a model that may become too complex too…”
ResultContextual Priors Shape Action Understanding before and beyond the Unfolding of Movement Kinematics
Bianco, V., Finisguerra, A., & Urgesi, C. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14020164 · Cited by 5
“Our finding of augmented contextual facilitation in more meticulous individuals would suggest that contrary to views of decreased implicit learning in ASD [50], the learning of appropriate prior probabilities is not fully impaired.”
BackgroundThe effect of volatility in linguistic input on prediction behavior in autistic toddlers
Prescott, K. E., Mathée‐Scott, J., Bolt, D. M., Saffran, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3212 · Cited by 4
“Similar to other accounts (Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Van de Cruys et al., 2014), a potential implication of the PIA is that incoming sensory input will be perceived as more novel, leading to hyperar-ousal of brain structures thought to be involved in modulation of learning (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWertheimer, O., & Hart, Y. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01800-6 · Cited by 7
“It also makes predicting future events harder 32 .”
Isolating Action Prediction from Action Integration in the Perception of Social Interactions
Pesquita, A., Bernardet, U., Richards, B. E., Jensen, O. B., & Shapiro, K. L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040432 · Cited by 6
“This preliminary observation aligns well with the notion that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is rooted in disordered predictive mechanisms [31].”
ResultCardon, G. J., Buckhannon, M., & Rojas, D. C. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108712 · Cited by 5
Rosenberg, A., & Sunkara, A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.06.017 · Cited by 4
Lidstone, D. E., Mostofsky, S. H., & Ewen, J. B. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hxd67 · Cited by 3
Jamey, K., Laflamme, H., Foster, N. E. V., Rigoulot, S., Hyde, K. L., & Bella, S. D. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5790839/v1 · Cited by 4
Are prediction error modifications domain specific in autism but domain general in ADHD?
Plank, I. S., Yurova, A., Pior, A., Nowak, J., Bierlich, A. M., Papazov, B., Shi, Z., & Falter-Wagner, C. M. (2025) · Imaging neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.942 · Cited by 3
“…predictive impairments to underlie autism spectrum disorder (ASD), many of which were based on the Bayesian Brain framework ( Brock, 2012; for a review see Cannon et al., 2021; K. J. Friston et al., 2013; Lawson et al., 2014; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
Rethinking Predictive Processing
Furutachi, S., & Hofer, S. B. (2026) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102124-031410 · Cited by 3
Action execution and observation in autistic adults: A systematic review of fMRI studies
Stillesjö, S., Hjärtström, H., Johansson, A., Rudolfsson, T., Säfström, D., & Domellöf, E. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3291 · Cited by 3
Zhang, Z., Hu, K., Shi, Y.-C., & Zhou, H. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104666 · Cited by 3
Carnevali, L., Valori, I., Longa, L. D., Mantovani, G., Mason, G., Bin, F., & Farroni, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20738-8 · Cited by 4
“This is something that autistic individuals actively seek, as evidenced by their preference for predictable and invariant gaze-contingent interactions 46 , as well as stereotyped behaviours to manage social unpredictability 74–76 .”
Cacciato‐Salcedo, S., Lao-Rodríguez, A. B., & Malmierca, M. S. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09585-z · Cited by 4
Shared intentionality in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Papoulidi, A., Papaeliou, C. F., & Samartzi, S. (2021) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.26324 · Cited by 3
“Children with ASD show impairment in contingent interactions and mutual coordination with their communicative partner (Macintosh & Dissanayake, 2006) that may stem from their severe difficulties in creating expectancies and predicting the behavior of others (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundO’Brien, A. M., May, T. A., Koskey, K. L. K., Bungert, L., Cardinaux, A. L., Cannon, J. J., Treves, I. N., D’Mello, A. M., Joseph, R. M., Li, C. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06379-2 · Cited by 7
“In the study of autism, multiple inter-secting theories posit that atypical prediction may underlie key characteristics of the condition in children and adults (e.g., Lawson et al., 2014; Sinha et al., 2014; van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBettoni, R., Cantiani, C., Riboldi, E. M., Molteni, M., Bulf, H., & Riva, V. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300274 · Cited by 3
“An overweighting of the most recent input rather than the cumulative aggregation of instances [24, 25] might, in turn, prompt individuals with ASD to update their predictions continually and unnecessarily about the world.”
BackgroundInfluentialOng, J. H., Zhang, L., & Liu, F. (2025) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-025-00651-7 · Cited by 3
Smith, A. D., & Milne, E. (2017) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2017.1332702 · Cited by 3
“For example, Sinha et al. (2014) posit that autism is associated with impairments in prediction processes, whereas Pellicano & Burr (2012) focus on a reduced influence of previous experience (i.e. attenuated Bayesian priors).”
BackgroundNunes, A. S., Mamashli, F., Kozhemiako, N., Khan, S., McGuiggan, N. M., Losh, A., Joseph, R. M., Ahveninen, J., Doesburg, S. M., Hämäläinen, M., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102501 · Cited by 4
Social motivation in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia
Pudło, M., Makowska, I., & Rymarczyk, K. (2022) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2022.124704 · Cited by 3
Joint intention understanding in children with autism spectrum disorder
Hou, W., Li, X., Yang, Y., & Li, J. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2964 · Cited by 3
“Predictive impairment would constrain the observer to focus on the current observations at the expense of past experiences and future states (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialKikuchi, Y., Uddin, M. J., Veltman, J. A., Wells, S. E., Morris, C., & Woodbury‐Smith, M. (2025) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-024-00633-1 · Cited by 4
Cardon, G. J., Tindall, K., & Rojas, D. C. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202618 · Cited by 3
Waller, J., Sanford, M., Caswell, T., & Bainbridge, C. (2016) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/persp1.sig16.63 · Cited by 3
Neural Mechanisms for Prediction: From Action to Higher-Order Cognition
D’Mello, A. M., & Rozenkrantz, L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0732-20.2020 · Cited by 3
“Difficulties in these types of predictive abilities have been linked to challenges in the sensory and social adaptive behaviors that characterize autism spectrum disorders (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBridging physiological and perceptual views of autism by means of sampling-based Bayesian inference
Echeveste, R., Ferrante, E., Milone, D. H., & Samengo, I. (2021) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00219 · Cited by 3
“The study of other aspects of this problem, such as inferring temporal transitions (Sinha et al., 2014), or causal relationships (Noel, Shivkumar, Dokka, Haefner, & Angelaki, 2021), and their link to altered inhibition and neural dynamics, will require the use of different architectures and generative models and const…”
BackgroundCavinato, L., Cardinaux, A. L., Jain, K., Jamal, W., Kjelgaard, M., Sinha, P., & Barbieri, R. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856641 · Cited by 3
“Specifically, instead of considering acuity as the target variable able to characterize the altered sensitivity, we hypothesize that autism may be associated with a reduction in sensory habituation leading to a hypo-sensitivity to changes in the sensory environment [9]; the compromised ability to habituate would reduc…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationConversational turn-taking in autism spectrum disorderPreprint
Carmo, J. C., Magyari, L., & Filipe, C. N. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/42e6j · Cited by 3
Differential processing of delay versus uncertainty in male but not female 16p11.2 hemideletion micePreprint
Rojas, G. R., Heller, A. T., & Grissom, N. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560951 · Cited by 3
“A prominent theory within the study of neurodevelopmental disorders implicates the importance of stable cues in learning environments (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLinguistic Prediction in Autism Spectrum Disorder
O’Shea, A., & Engelhardt, P. E. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020175 · Cited by 2
Vassall, S. G., Quackenbush, W. J., & Wallace, M. T. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06772-5 · Cited by 4
“Most notably, RRBs such as rigidity in routines, and associated features—sensory sensitivities, difficulties with motion prediction, etc.—may be in part attributable to changes in sensory prediction abilities (see Sinha et al., 2014 for a review).”
Zimmer, L., Richardson, H., Pletti, C., Paulus, M., & Schuwerk, T. (2025) · Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.04.006 · Cited by 2
“…which lead autistic individuals to perceive social interactions as unpredictable, cause interactive mismatch (i.e., interactions in which behaviors and expectations of individuals involved do not align), and create stress (Bolis et al., 2017; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014).”
Association of autistic traits with inference generation in visual narratives
Medeiros, S., Cohn, N., Foulsham, T., & Coderre, E. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01252-3 · Cited by 2
“Given proposals and empirical evidence that predictive abilities are different in autistic individuals (e.g., 44,54 ), understanding the influences of prediction in narrative comprehension more broadly, and inference generation more specifically, will be imperative.”
Exploring the link between sensory habituation in everyday life and attentional control abilities
Tarantino, V., Santostefano, A., Oliveri, M., Mento, G., Mandolesi, L., & Turriziani, P. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44401-y · Cited by 2
Georgiou, G. P., & Paphiti, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1854297 · Cited by 2
“It is also compatible with predictive-processing accounts of autism, according to which differences in prediction, sensory precision, or feedback-based updating may affect perception–action coordination (Sinha et al., 2014).”
Collaboration Variability in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Blancas, M., Maffei, G., Sánchez-Fibla, M., Vouloutsi, V., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.559793 · Cited by 5
“Studies suggest that ASD is characterized by alterations of the brain’s inference on the causes of socially relevant signals, and this lack of ability to predict actions of other individuals stems from cerebellar dysfunctions (Schmitz et al., 2003; Sinha et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialMankovich, A., Blume, J., Wittke, K., Mastergeorge, A. M., Paxton, A., & Naigles, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.999396 · Cited by 2
“This interpretation of the data is partially consistent with the hypothesis of predictive impairment in ASD (Sinha et al., 2014); one component of this hypothesis suggests that challenges in”
ResultHigh-Risk Siblings without Autism: Insights from a Clinical and Eye-Tracking Study
Costanzo, V., Narzisi, A., Cerullo, S., Crifaci, G., Boncoddo, M., Turi, M., Apicella, F., Tancredi, R., Muratori, F., Calderoni, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111789 · Cited by 4
Visuo-motor updating in individuals with heightened autistic traits
Pomè, A., & Zimmermann, E. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94946 · Cited by 4
“Recent research has increasingly emphasized the role of predictive abilities in ASD ( Sinha et al., 2014 ; van Boxtel and Lu, 2013 ; Van de Cruys et al., 2014 ; Pellicano and Burr, 2012 ).”
BackgroundPerceptual confirmation bias and decision bias underlie adaptation to sequential regularities
del Río, M., de Lange, F. P., Fritsche, M., & Ward, J. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.2.5 · Cited by 2
“This is related to a broader literature which suggests impairments in the integration of immediate sensory evidence and long-term statistics (Brock, 2012; Lawson, Rees, & Friston, 2014; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Sinha, P., Kjelgaard, M. M., Gandhi, T. K., Tsourides, K., Cardinaux, A. L., Pantazis, D., Diamond, S. P., & Held, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- MGH Institute of Health Professions (US)
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (IN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-10-06
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 15220-15225
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4210351
- OpenAlex
- W2088415689
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20
- FWCI
- 17.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, prediction, predictive processing, autism phenotype, theory of mind, social cognition, diagnostic biomarkers, autism treatment
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Infant, Language, Markov Chains, Models, Theoretical, Neuronal Plasticity, Phenotype, Probability, Social Behavior, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
