The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 99 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Autism as a disorder of prediction
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Autism is characterized by diverse behavioral traits. Guided by theoretical considerations and empirical data, this paper develops the hypothesis that many of autism's salient traits may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities. This impairment renders an otherwise orderly world to be experienced as a capriciously “magical” one. The hypothesis elucidates the information-processing roots of autism and, thereby, can aid the identification of neural structures likely to be differentially affected. Behavioral and neural measures of prediction might serve as early assays of predictive abilities in infants, and serve as useful tools in intervention design and in monitoring their effectiveness. The hypothesis also points to avenues for further research to determine molecular and circuit-level causal underpinnings of predictive impairments.
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Claims the paper makes
47 Not checked yet · 34 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The underlying domains all constitute temporally unfolding Markov systems, with progressions from one state to another governed by probabilistic links (Fig. 1 A ).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
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- Not checked yetcites [11] source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence of this shift, several relationships that are evident to a neurotypical individual would become undetectable to a person with autism.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is estimated that more than one-third of all individuals on the autism spectrum display some form of IoS (14).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Insistence on sameness (IoS) is a hallmark feature of autism.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Predictability is a fundamental modulator of anxiety in that reduction in the ability to predict events, even without any associated aversive consequence, enhances anxious responses (21, 22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Abbott BB, Badia P (1986) Predictable versus unpredictable shock conditions and physiological measures of stress: A reply to Arthur. Psychol Bull 100:384 -387. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Herry C, et al. (2007) Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27(22):5958 -5966. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Past research with diverse populations has shown that environmental unpredictability is strongly correlated with anxiety (16 -20).”
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These hypersensitivities cannot be explained as outcomes of abnormally enhanced sensation (29 -31).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] DePape A-MR, Hall GBC, Tillmann B, Trainor LJ (2012) Auditory processing in highfunctioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ONE 7(9):e44084. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bölte S, et al. (2012) A close eye on the eagle-eyed visual acuity hypothesis of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 42(5):726 -733. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Ashwin E, Ashwin C, Rhydderch D, Howells J, Baron-Cohen S (2009) Eagle-eyed visual acuity: An experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism. Biol Psychiatry 65(1):17 -21. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that stimming may be an anxiolytic response to a chaotic world: an attempt to drown out the influx of unpredictable environmental information by self-generated periodic and, hence, more predictable information.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A direct corollary is that reduced habituation reduces stimulus suppression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies with neurologically healthy humans and animals reveal that the ritualistic behaviors that emerge under conditions of unpredictability serve as a calming response to an externally imposed stressor (25, 26).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Maier NRF (1939) Studies of Abnormal Behavior in the Rat (Harper, New York).
- Not checked yetcites [26] Eilam D, Izhar R, Mort J (2011) Threat detection: Behavioral practices in animals and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(4):999 -1006. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we describe how theoretical considerations and a review of empirical data lead to the hypothesis that some salient aspects of the autism phenotype may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hypothesis of predictive impairment in autism (PIA) posits that autism may be associated with inaccuracies in estimating the P (B j A, Δ t ) conditional probability.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To perform well in these domains, one necessarily needs to estimate the underlying Markov system, i.e., the matrix of interstate transition probabilities.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A reduction in one ' s predictive ability would, in this space, manifest as a shift of the ASF toward the upper left.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“from an observed temporal sequence, the brain has to estimate the conditional probability P (B j A, Δ t )”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is estimated that nearly 90% of all children on the autism spectrum suffer from sensory abnormalities, often hypersensitivities, to stimuli that a neurotypical individual could easily ignore (28).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Leekam SR, Nieto C, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J (2007) Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37(5):894 -910. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results suggest that rituals and an insistence on sameness may be a consequence of, and a way to mitigate, anxiety arising out of unpredictability.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a parsimonious interpretation of the reliance on rituals and stimming behaviors observed in autism is that they emerge from, and represent attempts to minimize, the consequences of unpredictability.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A key determinant of habituation is stimulus predictability. For typically developing subjects, predictability of a sequence is directly proportional to the extent of habituation it induces (22, 34 -36).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Herry C, et al. (2007) Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27(22):5958 -5966. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Sokolov EN (1960) The Central Nervous System and Behavior III (Macy Foundation, New York).
- Not checked yetcites [35] McDaniel JW (1964) The effects of stimulus predictability upon auditory habituation and acquisition. Dissertation (Texas Technical College, Lubbock, TX).
- Not checked yetcites [36] Turk-Browne NB, Scholl BJ, Chun MM (2008) Babies and brains: Habituation in infant cognition and functional neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2:16.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Computational systems for dynamic object tracking rely on predictive techniques such as Kalman filtering (46). These systems demonstrate that a key consequence of impaired prediction is errors in online position estimation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Welch G, Bishop G (2001) An introduction to the Kalman Filter. Proc SIGGRAPH 2001 (Association for Computing Machinery, Los Angeles), pp 19 -24.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduction in discerning predictive relationships between events in a stimulus sequence would reduce a person ' s ability to predict the onset of the next event. Such a lack of predictability would compromise habituation and lead to hypersensitivity.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theory of mind requires the ability to ascribe invisible causes to observations about a person by connecting past history with current behavior.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the PIA hypothesis suggests that an endogenous predictive impairment causes environmental stimuli to appear more chaotic, leading to reduced habituation and hence greater stress.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated that unpredictability of stressors is one of the key aspects of torture and leads to the development of anxiety, fear, and aversion (19, 37).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bas ¸o glu M, Mineka S (1992) The role of uncontrollable and unpredictable stress in posttraumatic stress responses in torture survivors. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 185 -255.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the prediction systems of the brain are differentially affected in autism, then one can expect that the skills left largely untouched would be the ones that are deterministic and where good performance does not depend on estimates of temporally unfolding conditional probabilities.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hyperarousal of these structures would, in turn, be expected to lead to hypermalleability of learning; current exposure would have disproportionate weight and supersede earlier experience, constituting a kind of ' hyperplasticity. '”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of them, especially mathematics calendar calculations and music, are strongly rule-based, and, thus, minimize uncertainty of outcomes. Furthermore, with the exception of music, they are static, thereby obviating the need for prediction over time.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent studies (84, 85) have also documented these observations.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Lyons V, Fitzgerald M (2004) Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 34(5):521 -531. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Samson AC, Huber O, Ruch W (2013) Seven decades after Hans Asperger ' s observations: A comprehensive study of humor in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Humor 26:441 -460. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In describing his patients, Hans Asperger had noted that ' an essential characteristic of these children is their humorlessness. They do not understand jokes . . . ' (83).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Asperger H (1944) Die ' Autistischen Psychopathen ' im Kindesalter. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 117:76 -136.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the notion of core impairments, shared by most cases of autism, seems to be at odds with the heterogeneity of the phenotype.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on theoretical considerations and a review of past literature, we believe that predictive impairment may constitute an endophenotype shared across individuals.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Autism can have many etiologies, and yet, there is some commonality across manifestations, hence a shared clinical diagnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Tager-Flusberg H, Joseph RM (2003) Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358(1430):303 -314. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Losh M, Childress D, Lam K, Piven J (2008) Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(4):424 -433. source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Jones W, Klin A (2009) Heterogeneity and homogeneity across the autism spectrum: The role of development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(5):471 -473. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such parametric differences may help account for the phenotypic variability observed across individuals on the autism spectrum and also potentially provide the basis for a principled taxonomy of different autism subtypes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is certainly possible that the different autistic traits have different etiologies, what is appealing about the PIA hypothesis is its parsimony -an account that is able to provide a unifying explanation for not just a single trait, but for several of them.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Motor difficulties are believed to arise from abnormalities in the cerebellum (106).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Mostofsky SH, et al. (2009) Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain 132(Pt 9):2413 -2425. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Explanatory accounts have indeed been offered for each of the autistic traits we have described in Sections 2 and 3 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Takeuchi M, Harada M, Nishitani H (2002) Deficiency of ' theory of mind ' in autism estimated by fMRI. Int Congr Ser 1232:737 -740. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 2(12):493 -501. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hadjikhani N (2007) Mirror neuron system and autism Progress in Autism Research , ed Carlisle PC, (Nova Science Publishers, Happauge, NY), pp 151 -166.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, difficulties in Theory of Mind have been suggested as arising from abnormalities of the cortical substrates for social cognition (102) or in the mirror neuron system (refs. 103 and 104 but see 105).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Takeuchi M, Harada M, Nishitani H (2002) Deficiency of ' theory of mind ' in autism estimated by fMRI. Int Congr Ser 1232:737 -740. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 2(12):493 -501. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hadjikhani N (2007) Mirror neuron system and autism Progress in Autism Research , ed Carlisle PC, (Nova Science Publishers, Happauge, NY), pp 151 -166.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Autism has multiple causes.
“Autism likely owes its genesis to a multiplicity of causes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
“A key role in suppressing sustained stimulation is played by our ability to habituate.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There may be important differences in neurobiological, emotional and cognitive responses to stressors for autistic people, which warrant tailored anxiety models, assessments and interventions [24].”
From Autistic Cognition: Charting Routes to Anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with autism even being cast as a 'disorder of prediction' [136].”
From How Do Expectations Shape Perception? (2018) · cites this paper as [136]
In the citing paper
“In the elaboration of the Bayesian brain hypothesis of ASD (2) and subsequent theoretical papers (3, 4, 97–99), results from numerous earlier cognitive and psychophysical studies were re-interpreted post hoc in the novel framework.”
From Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? (2016) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“A theory of ASD that is rapidly gaining credibility is the notion that individuals with ASD do not have a robust historical representation of the world. This lack of a probabilistic “map” of the world makes it difficult for those with ASD to predict upcoming events, and this lack of predictive coding thus limits interactions with the external environment (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Sinha et al., 2014
Citations
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Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
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Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
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A neural substrate of prediction and reward
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(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
Clark, A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000477 · Cited by 5,924 · cited 1×
“This program of research can build on the exciting body of recent work that has been investigating the prediction and reward machinery in the neurotypical brain, both in humans and other animals (108).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- G Welch G Bishop An introduction to the Kalman Filter. Proc SIGGRAPH 2001 (Association for Computing Machinery Los Angeles) pp 19–24. (2001).
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Items 401–500 of 560
Diepman, M., & Brady, N. P. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102470 · Cited by 6
Prediction by Young Autistic Children from Visual and Spoken Input
Mathée‐Scott, J., Prescott, K. E., Pomper, R., Saffran, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06568-z · Cited by 2
“We chose to match on non-verbal cognition due to the domain generality of prediction-based theories (Sinha et al., 2014; van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodAlikadic, L., & Röer, J. P. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102493 · Cited by 2
Camerino, C. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47010061 · Cited by 2
Linking Subclinical Autistic Traits and Perceptual Category Learning
Warren, C. V., Baumert, R., Diermann, K., Schöttle, D., & Bayer, J. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70000 · Cited by 2
Statistical learning across cognitive and affective domains: a multidimensional review
Wang, Y., Lu, L., & Wu, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2025.1460471 · Cited by 5
Autistic adults, financial risk preference, and economic outcomes
Galizzi, M., Hillier, A. J., & Schena, D. A. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2025.101065 · Cited by 2
Ma, S., He, X., Xu, X., He, H., Shi, W., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104556 · Cited by 2
Network Analysis of Autistic Language Learners Along the Small World Spectrum
Haebig, E., West, S., Jiménez, E., Hills, T. T., & Cox, C. R. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70065 · Cited by 2
“The Predictive Impairment in Autism hypothesis (Sinha et al. 2014) argues that autistic individuals are less able to learn predictable structures and patterns from their experiences, which would make category structure less salient.”
Brown, S. A., & Gemeinboeck, P. (2017) · Cognitive science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6404-3_8 · Cited by 2
The Role of Aesthetic Style in Alleviating Anxiety About the Future
Carney, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46190-4_8 · Cited by 2
Intellectual Disabilities Behavior Under the Lens of Embodied Cognition Approaches
Tolentino‐Castro, J. W., & Raab, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620083 · Cited by 2
“It is reported that the avoidance of such social confrontations for those with autism tends to be solved by the use of repetitive motor behavior (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSuanes, G. P. S., García-Villamisar, D. A., & Armentia, A. D. P. (2023) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.37329 · Cited by 2
“De acuerdo con la teoría de Sinha et al. (2014), el TEA es un trastorno de predicción, cuyas alteraciones y otros pro-blemas asociados, podrían acentuarse en contextos menos previsibles.”
Morimoto, C., Nakazono, S., Kobori, S., Kaneko, F., Muratake, S., & Okamura, H. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101682 · Cited by 3
Contextual Information Modulates Pupil Size in Autistic Children
Tortelli, C., Pomè, A., Turi, M., Igliozzi, R., Burr, D. C., & Binda, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.752871 · Cited by 3
Disrupted neural adaptation in autism spectrum disorderPreprint
Millin, R., Kolodny, T., Flevaris, A. V., Kale, A. M., Schallmo, M., Gerdts, J. A., Bernier, R., & Murray, S. O. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/286880 · Cited by 2
Schuwerk, T., & Paulus, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102206-1 · Cited by 2
Sweet anticipation: Predictability of familiar music in autismPreprint
Mota, P. A. D., Stark, E. A., Fernandes, H. M., Ahrends, C., Cabral, J., Gebauer, L., Happe, F. G. E., Vuust, P., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.233668 · Cited by 3
“In keeping with this hypothesis, autistic listeners have been found to show less auditory adaptation to repeated sounds (Millin et al., 2018), which is perhaps suggestive of an impairment in predictive mechanisms (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHuang, Q., Velthuis, H., Pereira, A. C., Ahmad, J., Cooke, S. F., Ellis, C. L., Ponteduro, F. M., Puts, N. A. J., Dimitrov, M., Batallé, D., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.23285928 · Cited by 2
Psychological Theories of Autism: Everything, All at Once, In One PlacePreprint
Ewen, J. B. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kguq2 · Cited by 2
Children with Autism Show Impaired Oculomotor Entrainment to Predictable StimuliPreprint
Beker, S., Kadosh, O., Foxe, J. J., Molholm, S., & Bonneh, Y. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673494 · Cited by 2
Oscillatory traveling waves during visual entrainment in autistic and neurotypical adultsPreprint
Alamia, A., Schwenk, J. C. B., Wagemans, J. P., & Sapey‐Triomphe, L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702587 · Cited by 2
“In particular, an imbalance in the weighting of predictions and prediction errors may underlie symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) (Brock, 2012; Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
Fukutomi, M., & Carlson, B. A. (2024) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504241269438 · Cited by 1
“21,22 25 Our results suggest that testosterone modulates the timing of corollary discharge.”
BackgroundA Comparative Study on Accessibility for Autistic Individuals with Urban Mobility Apps
Ribeiro, D. M., Melo, F. V., Negromonte, V., Matias, G. W., Farias, A., Azul, C., Chaves, A. P., & da Gama, K. S. (2024) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3702038.3702088 · Cited by 1
“In general, for many autistic individuals, predictability, clarity, and minimizing sensory stimuli are essential elements for a more comfortable and secure daily life [19, 42].”
Lafleur, A., Caron, V., d’Arc, B. F., & Soulières, I. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241311582 · Cited by 1
“This observation is a clear contribution to broader accounts of autism such as the predictive coding account (Lawson et al., 2014; Sinha et al., 2014).”
Qi, J., Peng, J., & Kang, X. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06704-9 · Cited by 3
“In response to challenges in understanding the heterogeneous phenotypes of autism, predictive processing accounts have emerged as a promising perspective (Gomot & Wicker, 2012; Palmer et al., 2017; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014, 2019).”
InfluentialDeng, J.-R., Zhang, X., Wang, N., Chen, J.-P., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-025-00502-4 · Cited by 1
Influence of loud auditory noise on postural stability in autistic children: an exploratory study
Siqueiros, J., Holloway, K., Lin, M., Neely, L. C., Cordova, A., Land, W. M., Oyama, S., & Park, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04686-x · Cited by 2
“Although all parents were informed about the data collection schedule, it is possible that the child participants perceived participation as an abrupt change, potentially inducing anxiety 57,58 .”
Centanni, T. M., Gunderson, L. P. K., & Parra, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315883 · Cited by 1
“This prediction deficit is thought to underlie the tendency of individuals with autism to prefer predictable schedules and focus on interests that contain patterns and rules [4–7].”
Autistic Listeners Demonstrate Robust Lexically Guided Perceptual Learning
Cummings, S. N., Duda, B., & Theodore, R. M. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70078 · Cited by 1
“Our findings are less aligned at face value with accounts positing that autism is associated with difficulty in estimating conditional probabilities between events (Sinha et al. 2014).”
Temporal Predictions in Music and Language: The Case of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Denis, M., Mazzocconi, C., Fonséca, D. D., & Schön, D. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70084 · Cited by 1
Li, M., Pu, M., Baetens, K., Baeken, C., Deroost, N., & Overwalle, F. V. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf096 · Cited by 2
de Jager, S. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2571045 · Cited by 1
“…(Hohwy, 2016, 2022) has been observed as, e.g., stimming in autism, which involves the generation of one’s own certainty through repetitive motion (Sinha et al., 2014) or relatedly: ( mental ) fidget-ing , which might explain how a model remains relevant to its own survival/ self-awareness by…”
Autistic traits, gender and age interact to influence attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence
Hechler, F. C., Tuomainen, O., & Caruana, N. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100847 · Cited by 1
Ma, X., Belmonte, M. K., Zhao, Y., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70423 · Cited by 2
“This rigidity partially aligns with the high and inflexible precision of prediction errors in autism (Belmonte 2020; Courchesne and Allen 1997; Sinha et al. 2014; Van de Cruys et al. 2014), and is consistent with the association between dimensional autistic social traits (SRS scores), delayed…”
Adamou, M., Kehagias, A., & Antoniou, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1787120 · Cited by 1
“By modelling stereotypies as functional entropy − reduction mechanisms rather than meaning-less motor errors, it provides a neurodiversity − af fi rming interpretation with signi fi cant intervention implications (24).”
A Randomized Proof‐of‐Concept Study of Gamified Rhythmic Training in Autistic Children
Jamey, K., Laflamme, H., Foster, N. E. V., Rigoulot, S., Hyde, K. L., & Bella, S. D. (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70270 · Cited by 1
Uncertainty reduction as a candidate primary reinforcer: an evolutionary and neural account
Lincoln, A. (2026) · Academia Neuroscience and Brain Research · doi:10.20935/acadneurosci8451 · Cited by 1
Grieve, C. M., Roest, A. M., White, S. W., Ganzevoort, C. O. W., Smit, R. W. H., Bekius, J., van Balkom, I. D. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2026) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-026-00580-y · Cited by 1
Oscillatory Traveling Waves During Visual Entrainment in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults
Alamia, A., Schwenk, J. C. B., Wagemans, J. P., & Sapey‐Triomphe, L. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261478892 · Cited by 1
“In particular, a difference in the weighting of predictions and prediction errors may underlie symptoms in autism (Brock, 2012; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
Gene Therapy of CNS Disorders Using Recombinant AAV Vectors
Murlidharan, G., Samulski, R. J., & Asokan, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_2 · Cited by 1
Neural Mechanisms of Uncertainty Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Damiano, C. R. (2015) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/m00e-f584 · Cited by 1
Mental State Understanding: Individual Differences in Typical and Atypical Development
Bulgarelli, D., Henning, A., & Molina, P. (2017) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88945-268-2 · Cited by 1
A Two Caregiver-Implemented Intervention Using Occupation-Centered Coaching
Carroll, A., & Bagatell, N. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2021.1934231 · Cited by 1
“Given that ASD is often viewed as a disorder of prediction (Sinha et al., 2014), this may be a particularly valuable ingredient of this intervention.”
Autism: Insights from Brain, Mind, and Education
Béné, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33013-1_27 · Cited by 1
Hou, W., & Li, J. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104642 · Cited by 1
Content and Process in the Brain. Implications for Clinical and Educational Approaches
Gómez, C. M., Angulo-Ruíz, B. Y., Rodríguez‐Martínez, E. I., Ruiz‐Martínez, F. J., Muñoz, E. M. P., & Fernández, M. D. L. (2023) · Logic, argumentation & reasoning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46742-4_16 · Cited by 2
Krug, M. K., Takarae, Y., Iosif, A., & Solomon, M. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae097 · Cited by 1
Adaptive group behavior of Fragile X mice in unfamiliar environments
Giua, G., Strauss, B., Lassalle, O., Chavis, P., & Manzoni, O. J. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111111 · Cited by 1
Huettig, F. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009245470.006 · Cited by 1
Dis/Associations Between Language and In‐the‐Moment Mental Rotation Effort in Autism
Larson, C., Morett, L. M., Barth, S., Durrleman, S., & Vulchanova, M. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70101 · Cited by 1
“Diminished integration of language and cognitive systems may also underscore statistical learning challenges, such as those posited by the prediction impairment hypothesis (Sinha et al. 2014; e.g., Mathée-Scott et al. 2024; see also Schneider et al. 2024).”
Law, B. M. (2015) · ASHA Leader · doi:10.1044/leader.ftr1.20042015.42 · Cited by 1
Reply to Lawson et al.: A synergistic approach to mental health research
Rosenberg, A., Patterson, J. S., & Angelaki, D. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515124112 · Cited by 1
Swift, J. (2018) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal) · Cited by 1
Lacroix, A., Gomot, M., Fombonne, M., Perrier, M. J. R., Peyrin, C., Vermeulen, N., Park, G., Dutheil, F., & Mermillod, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16508/v2 · Cited by 1
Uncertainty Processing in Autism
Goodwin, C. D., Mosner, M. G., & Dichter, G. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102322 · Cited by 1
Uncertainty Processing in Autism
Goodwin, C. D., Mosner, M. G., & Dichter, G. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102322-1 · Cited by 1
Individual prediction tendencies facilitate cortical speech trackingPreprint
Schubert, J., Schmidt, F., Gehmacher, Q., Bresgen, A., & Weisz, N. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489224 · Cited by 1
“These differences have already been linked to a variety of clinical psychological conditions and disorders such as autism (Sinha et al., 2014), schizophrenia (Sterzer et al.”
BackgroundSensory Responsiveness and Alexithymia in Autistic ChildrenPreprint
Brady, N. P., & Diepman, M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aryhc · Cited by 1
Takach, K. E., Dunham-Carr, K., Parra, G., Joffe‐Nelson, L., Jones, L. K., Mankaryous, R., Rogers, S., Serianni, C. E., Shao, M., Zhang, B., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.25336283 · Cited by 1
Isenstein, E. L., Lang, E. R., Freedman, E. G., & Foxe, J. J. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.05.697771 · Cited by 1
“A proposed mechanism of reduced sensory adaptation in autism may underlie this broadly dysregulated sensory profile (Guiraud et al., 2011; Sinha et al., 2014; Webb et al., 2010).”
Lawford‐Smith, H. (2015)
Biology of AAV Vectors in the Central Nervous System
Murlidharan, G. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/cr64-be62
Lu, H., Yi, L., & Zhang, H. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/582783
Experience Dependent Sensorimotor Functioning in Adults with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder
Oulton, J. (2019) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00011673
“This can be overwhelming and compromise the ability to effectively interact (Dawson et al., 1998; Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDetection of Motor Deficits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder using FTT
Malik, Z. L. H., & Raundale, P. (2019) · IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) · doi:10.1109/tencon.2019.8929552
“Furthermore, there is growing evidence that motor difficulties may be apparent from early childhood in children who are later diagnosed with ASD [13].”
BackgroundPfaff, D. W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85861-8.00002-5
Lacroix, A., Gomot, M., Fombonne, M., Perrier, M. J. R., Peyrin, C., Vermeulen, N., Park, G., Dutheil, F., & Mermillod, M. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-16508/v1
Quraishi, S., & Jarrar, T. (2018) · Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation · doi:10.36283/pjr.zu.7.2/004
Conceptualization of comorbid anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: An integrative literature review
Behzadpour, S., Pouretemad, H., & Akbarizardkhaneh, S. (2021) · Koomesh journal · doi:10.29252/koomesh.23.1.11
“[59] Sinha P, Kjelgaard MM, Gandhi TK, Tsourides K,”
BackgroundTolentino-Castro, W., Mochizuki, L., & Wagner, H. (2021) · Motor Control · doi:10.1123/mc.2020-0077
3. Cognitive Explanations of Autism: Beyond Theory of Mind
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.03
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.05
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.08
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.09
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.13
Hens, K., & Langenberg, R. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.07
Miller, I. T. (2019) · Global Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.19080/gjidd.2019.06.555683
“[3] explain predictive impairment as an inaccuracy in deciding which contextual information is most important.”
BackgroundInfluentialHens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.10
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.11
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.12
6. Epistemic Injustice and Language
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.06
Greene, R. K. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/d7ca-dv77
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.01
4. Sociological and Historical Explanations of Autism
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.04
2. The Nature of Psychiatric Diagnoses
Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.02
The constructionist approach offers a useful lens on language learning in autistic individuals.
Goldberg, A. E., & Abbot‐Smith, K. (2021)
Testing Candidate Cerebellar Presymptomatic Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hawks, Z. (2021) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/72xs-kv80
“…within these domains (e.g., sensory hypersensitivity, theory of mind, and heightened irritability) are observed in ASD, leading some researchers to posit that cerebellar-mediated error signaling may contribute to ASD symptomology (Freedman & Foxe, 2017; Sinha et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialПептидная регуляция репаративных процессов в органах иммунной системы при ускоренном старении
Хавинсон, В. Х., Линькова, Н. С., Кветной, И. М., Полякова, В. О., Трофимов, А. В., Sevostyanova, N. N., & Абдулрагимов, Р. И. (2010) · Open Access Repository (Belgorod State National Research University)
van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I. (2017) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0931-3_29
Rethinking Statistical Learning as a Dynamic Stochastic Process, from The Motor Systems PerspectivePreprint
Torres, E. B., & Vaskevich, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1303486/v1
Sapey‐Triomphe, L. (2016) · Presses Universitaires de France eBooks · doi:10.3917/puf.frydm.2016.03.0089
Cognition and Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)Preprint
Diederich, J., Nawfal, M., Moussawi, N. A., & Tfaily, L. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uct93
Ward, E. K., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hunnius, S. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/msq7e
Schuwerk, T., & Paulus, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102206
Falkovich, R., Danielson, E., de Arce, K. P., Wamhoff, E., Cottrell, J. R., Sheng, M., & Bathe, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499330
No evidence for superior distractor filtering amongst individuals high in autistic-like traits
Visser, T. A. W., English, M. C. W., & Maybery, M. T. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02575-3
“This explanation also accords well with predictive coding accounts of autism (Lawson et al., 2014; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
ResultSome comments on "intolerance of uncertainty" for explaining anxiety in children with autism
Behzadpoor, S., & Pouretemad, H. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103333
Individual prediction tendencies do not generalise across modalitiesPreprint
Schubert, J., Suess, N., & Weisz, N. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526758
Do we all synch alike? Brain-body-environment interactions in AutismPreprint
Beker, S., & Molholm, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wjtpk
Metadata
- Authors
- Sinha, P., Kjelgaard, M. M., Gandhi, T. K., Tsourides, K., Cardinaux, A. L., Pantazis, D., Diamond, S. P., & Held, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- MGH Institute of Health Professions (US)
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (IN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-10-06
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 15220-15225
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4210351
- OpenAlex
- W2088415689
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20
- FWCI
- 17.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, prediction, predictive processing, autism phenotype, theory of mind, social cognition, diagnostic biomarkers, autism treatment
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Infant, Language, Markov Chains, Models, Theoretical, Neuronal Plasticity, Phenotype, Probability, Social Behavior, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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