The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 99 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Autism as a disorder of prediction
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Autism is characterized by diverse behavioral traits. Guided by theoretical considerations and empirical data, this paper develops the hypothesis that many of autism's salient traits may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities. This impairment renders an otherwise orderly world to be experienced as a capriciously “magical” one. The hypothesis elucidates the information-processing roots of autism and, thereby, can aid the identification of neural structures likely to be differentially affected. Behavioral and neural measures of prediction might serve as early assays of predictive abilities in infants, and serve as useful tools in intervention design and in monitoring their effectiveness. The hypothesis also points to avenues for further research to determine molecular and circuit-level causal underpinnings of predictive impairments.
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In the paper
“The underlying domains all constitute temporally unfolding Markov systems, with progressions from one state to another governed by probabilistic links (Fig. 1 A ).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
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Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence of this shift, several relationships that are evident to a neurotypical individual would become undetectable to a person with autism.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It is estimated that more than one-third of all individuals on the autism spectrum display some form of IoS (14).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Insistence on sameness (IoS) is a hallmark feature of autism.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Predictability is a fundamental modulator of anxiety in that reduction in the ability to predict events, even without any associated aversive consequence, enhances anxious responses (21, 22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Abbott BB, Badia P (1986) Predictable versus unpredictable shock conditions and physiological measures of stress: A reply to Arthur. Psychol Bull 100:384 -387. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Herry C, et al. (2007) Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27(22):5958 -5966. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Past research with diverse populations has shown that environmental unpredictability is strongly correlated with anxiety (16 -20).”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These hypersensitivities cannot be explained as outcomes of abnormally enhanced sensation (29 -31).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] DePape A-MR, Hall GBC, Tillmann B, Trainor LJ (2012) Auditory processing in highfunctioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ONE 7(9):e44084. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bölte S, et al. (2012) A close eye on the eagle-eyed visual acuity hypothesis of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 42(5):726 -733. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Ashwin E, Ashwin C, Rhydderch D, Howells J, Baron-Cohen S (2009) Eagle-eyed visual acuity: An experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism. Biol Psychiatry 65(1):17 -21. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that stimming may be an anxiolytic response to a chaotic world: an attempt to drown out the influx of unpredictable environmental information by self-generated periodic and, hence, more predictable information.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A direct corollary is that reduced habituation reduces stimulus suppression.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies with neurologically healthy humans and animals reveal that the ritualistic behaviors that emerge under conditions of unpredictability serve as a calming response to an externally imposed stressor (25, 26).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Maier NRF (1939) Studies of Abnormal Behavior in the Rat (Harper, New York).
- Not checked yetcites [26] Eilam D, Izhar R, Mort J (2011) Threat detection: Behavioral practices in animals and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(4):999 -1006. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we describe how theoretical considerations and a review of empirical data lead to the hypothesis that some salient aspects of the autism phenotype may be manifestations of an underlying impairment in predictive abilities.”
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hypothesis of predictive impairment in autism (PIA) posits that autism may be associated with inaccuracies in estimating the P (B j A, Δ t ) conditional probability.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To perform well in these domains, one necessarily needs to estimate the underlying Markov system, i.e., the matrix of interstate transition probabilities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A reduction in one ' s predictive ability would, in this space, manifest as a shift of the ASF toward the upper left.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“from an observed temporal sequence, the brain has to estimate the conditional probability P (B j A, Δ t )”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is estimated that nearly 90% of all children on the autism spectrum suffer from sensory abnormalities, often hypersensitivities, to stimuli that a neurotypical individual could easily ignore (28).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Leekam SR, Nieto C, Libby SJ, Wing L, Gould J (2007) Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37(5):894 -910. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results suggest that rituals and an insistence on sameness may be a consequence of, and a way to mitigate, anxiety arising out of unpredictability.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a parsimonious interpretation of the reliance on rituals and stimming behaviors observed in autism is that they emerge from, and represent attempts to minimize, the consequences of unpredictability.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A key determinant of habituation is stimulus predictability. For typically developing subjects, predictability of a sequence is directly proportional to the extent of habituation it induces (22, 34 -36).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Herry C, et al. (2007) Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27(22):5958 -5966. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Sokolov EN (1960) The Central Nervous System and Behavior III (Macy Foundation, New York).
- Not checked yetcites [35] McDaniel JW (1964) The effects of stimulus predictability upon auditory habituation and acquisition. Dissertation (Texas Technical College, Lubbock, TX).
- Not checked yetcites [36] Turk-Browne NB, Scholl BJ, Chun MM (2008) Babies and brains: Habituation in infant cognition and functional neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2:16.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Computational systems for dynamic object tracking rely on predictive techniques such as Kalman filtering (46). These systems demonstrate that a key consequence of impaired prediction is errors in online position estimation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Welch G, Bishop G (2001) An introduction to the Kalman Filter. Proc SIGGRAPH 2001 (Association for Computing Machinery, Los Angeles), pp 19 -24.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduction in discerning predictive relationships between events in a stimulus sequence would reduce a person ' s ability to predict the onset of the next event. Such a lack of predictability would compromise habituation and lead to hypersensitivity.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theory of mind requires the ability to ascribe invisible causes to observations about a person by connecting past history with current behavior.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the PIA hypothesis suggests that an endogenous predictive impairment causes environmental stimuli to appear more chaotic, leading to reduced habituation and hence greater stress.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated that unpredictability of stressors is one of the key aspects of torture and leads to the development of anxiety, fear, and aversion (19, 37).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Bas ¸o glu M, Mineka S (1992) The role of uncontrollable and unpredictable stress in posttraumatic stress responses in torture survivors. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 185 -255.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the prediction systems of the brain are differentially affected in autism, then one can expect that the skills left largely untouched would be the ones that are deterministic and where good performance does not depend on estimates of temporally unfolding conditional probabilities.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hyperarousal of these structures would, in turn, be expected to lead to hypermalleability of learning; current exposure would have disproportionate weight and supersede earlier experience, constituting a kind of ' hyperplasticity. '”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of them, especially mathematics calendar calculations and music, are strongly rule-based, and, thus, minimize uncertainty of outcomes. Furthermore, with the exception of music, they are static, thereby obviating the need for prediction over time.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent studies (84, 85) have also documented these observations.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Lyons V, Fitzgerald M (2004) Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 34(5):521 -531. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Samson AC, Huber O, Ruch W (2013) Seven decades after Hans Asperger ' s observations: A comprehensive study of humor in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Humor 26:441 -460. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In describing his patients, Hans Asperger had noted that ' an essential characteristic of these children is their humorlessness. They do not understand jokes . . . ' (83).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Asperger H (1944) Die ' Autistischen Psychopathen ' im Kindesalter. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 117:76 -136.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the notion of core impairments, shared by most cases of autism, seems to be at odds with the heterogeneity of the phenotype.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on theoretical considerations and a review of past literature, we believe that predictive impairment may constitute an endophenotype shared across individuals.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Autism can have many etiologies, and yet, there is some commonality across manifestations, hence a shared clinical diagnosis.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Tager-Flusberg H, Joseph RM (2003) Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358(1430):303 -314. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Losh M, Childress D, Lam K, Piven J (2008) Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(4):424 -433. source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Jones W, Klin A (2009) Heterogeneity and homogeneity across the autism spectrum: The role of development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(5):471 -473. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such parametric differences may help account for the phenotypic variability observed across individuals on the autism spectrum and also potentially provide the basis for a principled taxonomy of different autism subtypes.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it is certainly possible that the different autistic traits have different etiologies, what is appealing about the PIA hypothesis is its parsimony -an account that is able to provide a unifying explanation for not just a single trait, but for several of them.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Motor difficulties are believed to arise from abnormalities in the cerebellum (106).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Mostofsky SH, et al. (2009) Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain 132(Pt 9):2413 -2425. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Explanatory accounts have indeed been offered for each of the autistic traits we have described in Sections 2 and 3 .”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Takeuchi M, Harada M, Nishitani H (2002) Deficiency of ' theory of mind ' in autism estimated by fMRI. Int Congr Ser 1232:737 -740. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 2(12):493 -501. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hadjikhani N (2007) Mirror neuron system and autism Progress in Autism Research , ed Carlisle PC, (Nova Science Publishers, Happauge, NY), pp 151 -166.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, difficulties in Theory of Mind have been suggested as arising from abnormalities of the cortical substrates for social cognition (102) or in the mirror neuron system (refs. 103 and 104 but see 105).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Takeuchi M, Harada M, Nishitani H (2002) Deficiency of ' theory of mind ' in autism estimated by fMRI. Int Congr Ser 1232:737 -740. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Gallese V, Goldman A (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mindreading. Trends Cogn Sci 2(12):493 -501. source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Hadjikhani N (2007) Mirror neuron system and autism Progress in Autism Research , ed Carlisle PC, (Nova Science Publishers, Happauge, NY), pp 151 -166.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Autism has multiple causes.
“Autism likely owes its genesis to a multiplicity of causes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Habituation suppresses sustained stimulation.
“A key role in suppressing sustained stimulation is played by our ability to habituate.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There may be important differences in neurobiological, emotional and cognitive responses to stressors for autistic people, which warrant tailored anxiety models, assessments and interventions [24].”
From Autistic Cognition: Charting Routes to Anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with autism even being cast as a 'disorder of prediction' [136].”
From How Do Expectations Shape Perception? (2018) · cites this paper as [136]
In the citing paper
“In the elaboration of the Bayesian brain hypothesis of ASD (2) and subsequent theoretical papers (3, 4, 97–99), results from numerous earlier cognitive and psychophysical studies were re-interpreted post hoc in the novel framework.”
From Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? (2016) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“A theory of ASD that is rapidly gaining credibility is the notion that individuals with ASD do not have a robust historical representation of the world. This lack of a probabilistic “map” of the world makes it difficult for those with ASD to predict upcoming events, and this lack of predictive coding thus limits interactions with the external environment (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Sinha et al., 2014
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
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Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
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A neural substrate of prediction and reward
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(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
Clark, A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000477 · Cited by 5,924 · cited 1×
“This program of research can build on the exciting body of recent work that has been investigating the prediction and reward machinery in the neurotypical brain, both in humans and other animals (108).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- G Welch G Bishop An introduction to the Kalman Filter. Proc SIGGRAPH 2001 (Association for Computing Machinery Los Angeles) pp 19–24. (2001).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 560
Response to changing contingencies in infants at high and low risk for autism spectrum disorder
Northrup, J. B., Libertus, K., & Iverson, J. M. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1770 · Cited by 22
“One recently proposed domain-general account of ASD development hypothesizes that individuals with the disorder may have difficulty using prior experiences to predict future events [see Hellendoorn, Wijnroks, & Leseman, 2015; Northrup, 2016; Sinha et al., 2014].”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Sensory Abnormalities Across Developmental Disabilities
Cardon, G. J. (2018) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2018.08.001 · Cited by 20
“These internal models are based on and adjusted by experience, and are ultimately used to make predictions about future events (i.e., Bayesian predictive coding; Baum et al., 2015; Ghajar & Ivry, 2009; Ito, 2008; Miall & King, 2008; Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHyper-Sensitivity to Pitch and Poorer Prosody Processing in Adults With Autism: An ERP Study
Haigh, S. M., Brosseau, P., Eack, S. M., Leitman, D. I., Salisbury, D. F., & Behrmann, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844830 · Cited by 20
“However, prior studies have shown that predictive coding is in fact weaker in autism compared to controls (71, 72).”
ResultDissociation Between Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Statistical Learning in Children with Autism
Hu, A., Kozloff, V., Horne, A. O. V., Chugani, D. C., & Qi, Z. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05902-1 · Cited by 23
Use of sensory adaptive environments with autistic children: A scoping review
Williams, K. L., Dumont, R. L., Schiano, N. R., Lawlor, K. F., Greaney, K., Kim, R., Duryea, E., Rios-Vega, L., Simms, K., & Schaaf, R. C. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102362 · Cited by 18
Beat Perception and Sociability: Evidence from Williams Syndrome
Lense, M. D., & Dykens, E. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00886 · Cited by 18
Loued‐Khenissi, L., & Preuschoff, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2020.00005 · Cited by 19
Butti, N., Corti, C., Finisguerra, A., Bardoni, A., Borgatti, R., Poggi, G., & Urgesi, C. (2020) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01168-w · Cited by 17
Perceptual Averaging in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Corbett, J. E., Venuti, P., & Melcher, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01735 · Cited by 18
“…Rinehart et al., 2000), and theories that propose impairments in ASD are linked to deficits in encoding or incorporating prior information (e.g., Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014) all suggest that ASD observers may not show evidence of such perceptual averaging adaptation aftereffects.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiu, T., Shi, Y., Chan, M. T. V., Peng, G., Zhang, Q., Sun, X. Y., Zhu, Z., Xie, Y., Sham, K. W. Y., Li, J., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0285-5 · Cited by 19
Enhanced social learning of threat in adults with autism
Espinosa, L., Kleberg, J. L., Hofvander, B., Berggren, S., Bölte, S., & Olsson, A. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00375-w · Cited by 17
Neural Mechanisms of Reward Prediction Error in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mosner, M. G., McLaurin, R. E., Kinard, J. L., Hakimi, S., Parelman, J. M., Shah, J. S., Bizzell, J., Greene, R. K., Cernasov, P., Walsh, E. C., et al. (2019) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2019/5469191 · Cited by 22
“is a critical omission given that a number of theories suggest that ASD is characterized by impaired flexible responses to environmental contingencies [8] as well as impaired learning more generally (e.”
Brisini, K. S. C., & Solomon, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04492-6 · Cited by 16
Autistic Adults Show Intact Learning on a Visuospatial Serial Reaction Time Task
Treves, I. N., Cannon, J. J., Shin, E., Li, C. E., Bungert, L., O’Brien, A. M., Cardinaux, A. L., Sinha, P., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05894-y · Cited by 15
“According to the predictive impairment in autism (PIA) hypothesis (Sinha et al., 2014), the autism phenotype may stem from difficulties in detecting and learning statistical regularities over time that can be used to make predictions about the future (“contingencies”), especially when those…”
BackgroundSelf-citationWang, X., Delgado, J., Marchesotti, S., Kojovic, N., Sperdin, H. F., Rihs, T. A., Schaer, M., & Giraud, A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0112-22.2023 · Cited by 19
“This interpretation is globally in line with alterations of phasic predictive learning in a mouse model of autism (Kosaki and Watanabe, 2016) and more generally with the hypothesis of impaired predictive coding in ASD (Courchesne and Allen, 1997; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
ResultAutistic traits associated with dichotomic thinking mediated by intolerance of uncertainty
Suzuki, N., & Hirai, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41164-8 · Cited by 19
“From a computational perspective, ASD is associated with difficulties in predictive abilities 31 and updating priors 32 .”
BackgroundDissociation between executed and imagined bimanual movements in autism spectrum conditions
Piedimonte, A., Conson, M., Frolli, A., Bari, S., della Gatta, F., Rabuffetti, M., Keller, R., Berti, A., & Garbarini, F. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1902 · Cited by 16
“Different lines of research suggest that persons with ASC had difficulties in making predictions through forward models and, in particular, a failure of predictive motor control seems to explain atypical motor behaviors in ASC [Sinha et al., 2014].”
BackgroundA Nexus Model of Restricted Interests in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Carter, R., Jung, H., Reaven, J., Blakeley‐Smith, A., & Dichter, G. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00212 · Cited by 18
D'Mello, A. M., Frosch, I. R., Meisler, S. L., Grotzinger, H., Perrachione, T. K., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2023) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0608-22.2023 · Cited by 14
“…frameworks positing that reduced adaptation to the environment may be a core problem in ASD (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Lawson et al., 2014; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014) and could contribute to both sensory hypersensitivities and difficulties with social communication…”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial-Motor Coordination Between Peers: Joint Action Developmental Trajectories in ASD and TD
Yehuda, S. B., & Bauminger‐Zviely, N. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05851-1 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, Sinha et al. (2014) described autism as a disorder of prediction, suggesting that such predictive impairments might have an impact on youngsters’ perception of others’ actions – an integral part of any social and motor engagement (Vesper et al., 2010).”
Cooke, K., Ridgway, K., Pecora, L. A., Westrupp, E. M., Hedley, D., Hooley, M., & Stokes, M. A. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102313 · Cited by 27
Smith, D., Ropar, D., & Allen, H. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00387 · Cited by 15
“Perceptual atypicalities in ASD have been proposed to occur both due to poor prediction (Sinha et al., 2014) and an over weighting of prediction errors, leading to missing of patterns and regularities (Van de Cruys et al.”
BackgroundResultAllman, M. J., & Denis Mareschal, B. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.018 · Cited by 15
Brown, S. A., Silvera‐Tawil, D., Gemeinboeck, P., & McGhee, J. B. (2016) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3010915.3010934 · Cited by 15
“‘Sabotage’, through the temporary withholding of control from a participant, elevates an awareness of agency by bringing attention to the act of embodied interaction.”
BackgroundAutism is associated with reduced ability to interpret grasping actions of others
Turi, M., Muratori, F., Tinelli, F., Morrone, M. C., & Burr, D. C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12995-z · Cited by 15
Specificity of Phonological Representations for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pomper, R., Weismer, S. E., Saffran, J. R., & Edwards, J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04054-5 · Cited by 14
Pupillometry correlates of visual priming, and their dependency on autistic traits
Pomè, A., Binda, P., Cicchini, G. M., & Burr, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jovi.20.3.3 · Cited by 15
The effect of ambient sounds on decision-making and heart rate variability in autism
Bellamy, R., RING, H. A., Watson, P., Kemp, A. H., Munn, G., & Clare, I. C. H. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211014993 · Cited by 15
“Prediction deficit models of autism (e.g. Sinha et al., 2014) may also better explain these results by suggesting autistic individuals rely less on prior expectations relative to sensory inputs, leading to broad perceptual atypicalities rather than atypicalities specific to the social domain.”
ResultRhythmic and interval‐based temporal orienting in autism
Cannon, J. J., Eldracher, E., Cardinaux, A. L., Irfan, F., Bungert, L., Li, C. E., O’Brien, A. M., Treves, I. N., DIAMOND, S. P., & Sinha, P. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2892 · Cited by 17
“Several of these domain-general accounts of autism have focused on possible differences in the prediction of upcoming events (Sinha et al., 2014) and timing/time perception (Isaksson et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSocializing Sensorimotor Contingencies
Lübbert, A., Göschl, F., Krause, H., Schneider, T. R., Maÿe, A., & Engel, A. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.624610 · Cited by 15
Leno, V. C., Chandler, S., White, P., Yorke, I., Charman, T., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0236-2 · Cited by 16
Context may reveal how you feel
Martı́nez, A. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1902661116 · Cited by 14
Brief Report: Children on the Autism Spectrum are Challenged by Complex Word Meanings
Floyd, S., Jeppsen, C., & Goldberg, A. E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04687-x · Cited by 13
“The finding that individuals on the spectrum find it more challenging to make predictions (Sinha et al. 2014) may in part stem from problems detecting similarities and relationships across experiences.”
Predictive Processing during a Naturalistic Statistical Learning Task in ASD
Wagley, N., Lajiness-O’Neill, R., Hay, J. S. F., Ugolini, M., Bowyer, S. M., Kovelman, I., & Brennan, J. R. (2020) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0069-19.2020 · Cited by 13
“Prediction has been implicated as an important component of early learning (Romberg and Saffran, 2013), and some suggest prediction plays a major role in the underlying impairments observed in ASD (Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMarti‐Marca, A., Vilà‐Balló, A., Xim Cerdá-Company, Ikumi, N., Torres‐Ferrús, M., Caronna, E., Gallardo, V. J., Alpuente, A., Torralba, M., Soto‐Faraco, S., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-023-01618-w · Cited by 15
“…on habituation and sensory sensitivity in other clinical disorders, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder and autism, would appear to suggest that deficits in habituation may reduce an individual’s ability to suppress stimuli, which may lead to the development of hypersensitivities [153, 154].”
BackgroundHabituation of auditory responses in young autistic and neurotypical children
Dwyer, P. S. R., Williams, Z. J., Vukušić, S., Saron, C. D., & Rivera, S. M. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3022 · Cited by 14
“Researchers have also proposed various other frameworks to interpret autism, including a family of theories related to prediction and learning (e.g., Lawson et al., 2014; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Qian & Lipkin, 2011; Sinha et al., 2014; van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundJaffe‐Dax, S., & Eigsti, I. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72896-6 · Cited by 13
Bondioli, M., Chessa, S., Narzisi, A., Pelagatti, S., & Zoncheddu, M. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21061971 · Cited by 13
Pegado, F., Hendriks, M. H. A., Amelynck, S., Daniëls, N., Steyaert, J. G., Boets, B., & de Beeck, H. O. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.11.008 · Cited by 13
Altered oculomotor flexibility is linked to high autistic traits
Pomè, A., Tyralla, S., & Zimmermann, E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40044-5 · Cited by 12
“It has been repeatedly shown that individuals with ASD struggle with making predictions or with deploying attention based on prior experiences 3–6 .”
BackgroundReduced precision of motor and perceptual rhythmic timing in autistic adults
Cannon, J. J., Cardinaux, A. L., Bungert, L., Li, C. E., & Sinha, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34261 · Cited by 15
“To unify these observations, recent proposals have attempted to trace the defining social function symptomatology back to these more basic perceptual and sensorimotor differences [6 – 8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationShi, H., & Hirai, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73628-w · Cited by 12
Marais, A.-L., & Roche-Labarbe, N. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101519 · Cited by 12
“Sinha et al. (2014) proposed that ASD symptoms may result from a failure to learn transitional probabilities in the environment and generalize them to new situations, making future predictions impossible.”
InfluentialSwierczynski, A. (2019) · SciMedicine Journal · doi:10.28991/scimedj-2019-0102-5 · Cited by 17
Hawks, Z., Todorov, A. A., Marrus, N. M., Nishino, T., Talović, M., Nebel, M. B., Girault, J. B., Davis, S. C., Marek, S. A., Seitzman, B. A., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.004 · Cited by 13
“As reviewed below, there is evidence implicating cerebellar connectivity in EBL (10–12), cerebellar pathology in ASD (13–15), and EBL impairment in ASD (16,17).”
BackgroundDifferences in Prediction May Underlie Language Disorder in Autism
Weismer, S. E., & Saffran, J. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897187 · Cited by 14
Learning and generalization of repetition-based rules in autism
Bettoni, R., Addabbo, M., Ghidina, C., Pezzana, C., Vagni, D., Turati, C., & Bulf, H. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01761-0 · Cited by 12
“The deficit in the ability to efficiently identify relationships across events may not allow individuals with ASD to form a coherent representation of the world, perceiving it, instead, as a complex and chaotic environment (Klinger et al., 2007; Sinha et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGoris, J., Deschrijver, E., Trapp, S., Braß, M., & Braem, S. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.001 · Cited by 12
Beyond Prior and Volatility: The Distinct Iterative Updating Account of ASDPreprint
Shi, Z., Allenmark, F., Theisinger, L. A., Pistorius, R. L., Glasauer, S., Müller, H. J., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477218 · Cited by 12
“…in predictive processing between individuals with ASD and their TD peers remains a subject of intense debate (Cannon et al., 2021; Lawson et al., 2014, 2017; Noel et al., 2022; Noel & Angelaki, 2023; Palmer et al., 2017; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHigher Sensory Sensitivity is Linked to Greater Expansion Amongst Functional Connectivity Gradients
del Río, M., Racey, C., Ren, Z., Qiu, J., Wang, H.-T., & Ward, J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05772-z · Cited by 11
“…of the phenotype, such as atypical sensory processing (Happé & Frith, 2006; Mottron et al., 2006), social and communication deficits (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985), or atypical inference (e.g., Brock, 2012; Palmer et al., 2017; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSiciliano, L., Olivito, G., Lupo, M., Urbini, N., Gragnani, A., Saettoni, M., Chiaie, R. D., & Leggio, M. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1095157 · Cited by 11
“, 2019), individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism (Sinha et al., 2014; Siciliano and Clausi, 2020), and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (D’Angelo and Casali, 2012; Abram et al.”
BackgroundJin, X., Zhang, K., Lu, B., Li, X., Yan, C., Du, Y., Liu, Y., Lu, J., Luo, X., Gao, X., et al. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02333-2 · Cited by 11
“Their findings might be explained by abnormality in information-processing of ASD patients [56], which is associated with behavioral traits such as aversion to environmental sounds.”
BackgroundLi, T., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Lam, C. M., Ni, W., Wang, X., & Yi, L. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2366 · Cited by 11
“This deficient predictive ability of autistic individuals could be related to their atypical patterns in visual perception [Sinha et al., 2014].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBosch, E., Fritsche, M., Utzerath, C., Buitelaar, J. K., & de Lange, F. P. (2022) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.22.6.1 · Cited by 12
“Many of these theoretical accounts of perceptual processing in autism conceptualize the impairment, cognitive style, or atypicality in autism as one that is general (Happé & Frith, 2006; Mottron et al., 2006; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014) as opposed to specific to one”
BackgroundEvaluating causal psychological models: A study of language theories of autism using a large sample
Tang, B., Levine, M. A., Adamek, J. H., Wodka, E. L., Caffo, B. S., & Ewen, J. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1060525 · Cited by 12
Butera, C. D., Delafield‐Butt, J. T., Lu, S., Sobota, K., McGowan, T., Harrison, L., Kilroy, E., Jayashankar, A., & Aziz‐Zadeh, L. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06171-8 · Cited by 15
“…that general sensorimotor integration for the prospective organization of movement is disrupted, and predictive feedforward and feedback mechanisms are consistently impaired (Chua et al., 2022; David et al., 2012; Gowen & Hamilton, 2013; Sinha et al., 2014; Trevarthen & Delafield-Butt, 2013).”
Emotional face recognition in autism and in cerebral visual impairments: In search for specificity
Kovarski, K., Caetta, F., Mermillod, M., Peyrin, C., Perez, C., Granjon, L., Delorme, R., Cartigny, A., Zalla, T., & Sylvie Chokron, A. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12221 · Cited by 14
Atypical Visual Motion-Prediction Abilities in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Park, W. J., Schauder, K. B., Kwon, O., Bennetto, L., & Tadin, D. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621991803 · Cited by 11
Arthur, T., Vine, S., Brosnan, M., & Buckingham, G. (2019) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05586-z · Cited by 11
Peck, F. C., Naples, A. J., Webb, S. J., Bernier, R., Chawarska, K., Dawson, G., Faja, S., Jeste, S., Murias, M., Nelson, C. A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.22279830 · Cited by 11
“The balance between top-down and bottom-up processing in cortex may serve as a marker for sensory processing and predictive coding (17,20), which are of particular relevance to ASD given theories of sensory prediction impairment (21) and disruption of executive function development (20).”
BackgroundSapey-Triomphe, L.-A., Sanchez, G., Hénaff, M.-A., Sonié, S., Schmitz, C., & Mattout, J. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00207-5 · Cited by 11
Orbitofrontal cortex drives predictive filtering of sensory responses
Tsukano, H., Garcia, M. M., Dandu, P. R., & Kato, H. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02217-z · Cited by 21
“Although theories have proposed that a lack of predictive filtering may be central to the symptoms associated with ASDs 16,17 , the neural substrates linking altered neural wiring with reduced sensory filtering have remained unclear.”
Canini, M., Pecco, N., Caglioni, M., Katušić, A., Išasegi, I. Ž., Oprandi, C., Scifo, P., Pozzoni, M., Lorioli, L., Garbetta, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25207 · Cited by 11
Rezae, M., McMeekin, D. A., Tan, T., Krishna, A., & Lee, H. (2020) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2020.1785563 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, past studies have also shown that predictability is a strong regulator of anxiety [36].”
BackgroundMigó, M., Guillory, S. B., McLaughlin, C. S., Isenstein, E. L., Grosman, H. E., Thakkar, K. N., Castellanos, F. X., & Foss‐Feig, J. H. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05130-5 · Cited by 8
Falkovich, R., Danielson, E., de Arce, K. P., Wamhoff, E., Strother, J., Lapteva, A. P., Sheng, M., Cottrell, J. R., & Bathe, M. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112430 · Cited by 10
Tenenbaum, E. J., Major, S. T., Carpenter, K. L. H., Howard, J., Murias, M., & Dawson, G. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04812-w · Cited by 10
“This result provides some evidence for recent suggestions that autism may be related to altered patterns of prediction (Sinha et al. 2014).”
ResultHamid, R., Sant, H. S., & Kulkarni, M. N. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009938 · Cited by 10
“Previous evidence suggests that attenuated habituation is quite prevalent in people with ASD and may play a role in unusual sensory sensitivity (Guiraud et al., 2011; Kleinhans et al., 2009; Webb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCuriosity constructs communicative competence through social feedback loops
Venditti, J. A., Murrugarra, E., McLean, C. R., & Goldstein, M. H. (2023) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2023.05.007 · Cited by 9
A Developmental Social Neuroscience Perspective on Infant Autism Interventions
Dawson, G., Rieder, A. D., & Johnson, M. H. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-042753 · Cited by 14
“Bayesian accounts of autism hypothesize that differences in predictive processing underlie autism-related behaviors (Sinha et al. 2014, Van de Cruys et al. 2014).”
Bianco, V., Finisguerra, A., D’Argenio, G., Boscarol, S., & Urgesi, C. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120702 · Cited by 9
“Even if linked to subclinical and not to a clinical sample of individuals with ASD, these findings might be of clinical interest.”
InfluentialAutistic Adults Avoid Unpredictability in Decision-Making
Macchia, A., Albantakis, L., Zebhauser, P. T., Brandi, M., Schilbach, L., & Brem, A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06503-2 · Cited by 11
“This finding contributes to the assumption that core phe - notypic symptoms of autism, like insistence on sameness and repetitive behavior, derive from compromised predic - tion skills that may be particularly important during social interactions (Bolis et al., 2017 ; Sinha et al., 2014 ).”
Enhancing ensemble classifiers utilizing gaze tracking data for autism spectrum disorder diagnosis
Sá, R. O. D. S., Michelassi, G. C., Butrico, D. D. S., Franco, F. O., Sumiya, F. M., Portolese, J., Brentani, H., Nunes, F. L. S., & Machado‐Lima, A. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109184 · Cited by 11
Drageset, D., Kao, Y., Newbutt, N. A., & Crippen, K. J. (2024) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-024-10207-z · Cited by 9
“Autism is characterized by restricted, repetitive behaviors that manifest themselves in an insistence on sameness and inflexibility (Johnson et al., 2016), and there is some evidence to suggest that autistic individuals have limited predictive abili - ties (Sinha et al., 2014).”
Sinha, P. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.044 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCoarticulation facilitates lexical processing for toddlers with autism
Pomper, R., Weismer, S. E., Saffran, J. R., & Edwards, J. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104799 · Cited by 9
“Superficially, our results and others demonstrating that children with ASD incrementally process speech may seem to contradict theories which propose that children with ASD have compromised prediction skills (e.g., Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultIntact predictive motor sequence learning in autism spectrum disorder
Rybicki, A. J., Galea, J. M., Schuster, B. A., Hiles, C., Fabian, C., & Cook, J. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00173-1 · Cited by 9
Somatosensory prediction in the premature neonate brain
Dumont, V., Giovannella, M., Zuba, D., Clouard, R., Durduran, T., Guillois, B., & Roche‐Labarbe, N. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101148 · Cited by 14
“repetitive behaviors, atypical sensory profiles, and social impairment (Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundChildren with autism spectrum disorder show increased sensitivity to time-based predictability
Kunchulia, M., Tatishvili, T., Parkosadze, K., Lomidze, N., & Thomaschke, R. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2018.1564447 · Cited by 9
“These deficits affect the information processing demands inherent in the typically affected ASD domains (Sinha et al. 2014).”
BackgroundPupillary Responses Obey Emmert’s Law and Co-vary with Autistic Traits
Tortelli, C., Turi, M., Burr, D. C., & Binda, P. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04718-7 · Cited by 10
Couto-Ovejero, S., Ye, J., Kind, P. C., Till, S. M., & Watson, T. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1229627 · Cited by 10
“…encoding is vital for learning and inability to predict outcomes is known to affect adaptive behaviour has led to the hypothesis that predictive impairments are central to the pathophysiology underlying autism traits (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMultiple talker processing in autistic adult listeners
Alispahic, S., Pellicano, E., Cutler, A., & Antoniou, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62429-w · Cited by 8
Kubinski, S., Brothers, T. A., Cohn, N., & Coderre, E. L. (2024) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2024.2411698 · Cited by 8
“…comprehension across both linguistic and visual modalities, and it has been proposed that differences in predictive processing may explain a wide range of perceptual and cognitive differences in autism (Lawson et al., 2014; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; van Boxtel & Lu, 2013).”
InfluentialBäckström, A., Johansson, A., Rudolfsson, T., Rönnqvist, L., von Hofsten, C., Rosander, K., & Domellöf, E. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241311333 · Cited by 8
“Efficient motor planning hence relies on several functions, such as multisensory integration and coherent planning of sequences, known to be affected in ASD (Robertson & Baron-Cohen, 2017; Sinha et al., 2014).”
Sapey‐Triomphe, L., Bouet, R., Mattout, J., Sonié, S., Schmitz, C., & Lecaignard, F. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70131 · Cited by 10
“This may be the case in autism, where atypical predictive mechanisms are hypothesized to underlie the symptoms (Pellicano and Burr 2012; Brock 2012; Sinha et al. 2014; Lawson et al. 2014; Palmer et al. 2017; Van de Cruys et al. 2014; Gomot and Wicker 2012).”
Bianco, V., Finisguerra, A., & Urgesi, C. (2022) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105876 · Cited by 10
Dysfunctions in Infants’ Statistical Learning are Related to Parental Autistic Traits
Roberta, B., Riva, V., Cantiani, C., Riboldi, E. M., Molteni, M., Cassia, V. M., & Bulf, H. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04894-0 · Cited by 9
RETRACTED: Auditory perceptual learning in autistic adults
Alispahic, S., Pellicano, E., Cutler, A., & Antoniou, M. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2778 · Cited by 10
“More recently, computational accounts using Bayesian decision theory (Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; van Boxtel & Lu, 2013; van de Cruys et al., 2014) have posited that atypicalities in perceptual flexibility and categorical adaptation observed in autistic populations are due to…”
BackgroundMethodResultRetractedFace specific neural anticipatory activity in infants 4 and 9 months old
Mento, G., Duma, G. M., Valenza, E., & Farroni, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17273-1 · Cited by 8
Cerebellum and Emotion Recognition
D’Agata, F., & Orsi, L. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_4 · Cited by 8
Emerson, A., & Costley, D. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13060575 · Cited by 11
Sperandio, I., Unwin, K. L., Landry, O., & Chouinard, P. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2971-6 · Cited by 8
Lu, H., Yi, L., & Zhang, H. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006964 · Cited by 7
The role of cerebellum in the child neuropsychological functioning
Dellatolas, G., & Câmara‐Costa, H. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00023-x · Cited by 10
Ioannou, C., Seernani, D. P., Stefanou, M. E., Biscaldi-Schaefer, M., van Elst, L. T., Fleischhaker, C., Boccignone, G., & Klein, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585149 · Cited by 9
“Autism Spectrum Disorder is a heterogeneous disorder, with qualitative impairments in social interaction being one of the cardinal symptoms (1).”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictability in Human-Robot Interactions for Autistic Children
Schadenberg, B. R. (2019) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2019.8673135 · Cited by 8
“[6] argue that autistic individuals may have particular difficulty to discern the cause of an action when the relationship between an action and event is weak, or has a large temporal span.”
BackgroundSkipper, J. I., & Hasson, U. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/139550 · Cited by 8
“Finally, the CS-TTG network was over-described by “autism”, a disorder, like schizophrenia, that is sometimes described as involving a failure of prediction, closely related to an efference copy mechanism (Friston, 2016; Pellicano & Burr, 2012; Rubenstein & Merzenich, 2003; Sinha et al., 2014).”
MethodUnderstanding how autistic pupils experience secondary school: autism criteria, theory and FAMe™
Leatherland, J. (2018) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00101 · Cited by 9
Dubey, I., Bishain, R., Dasgupta, J., Bhavnani, S., Belmonte, M. K., Gliga, T., Mukherjee, D., Estrin, G. L., Johnson, M. H., Chandran, S., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.21259235 · Cited by 8
Theriault (n.d.) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pkzr8 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Sinha, P., Kjelgaard, M. M., Gandhi, T. K., Tsourides, K., Cardinaux, A. L., Pantazis, D., Diamond, S. P., & Held, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- MGH Institute of Health Professions (US)
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (IN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-10-06
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 15220-15225
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4210351
- OpenAlex
- W2088415689
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20
- FWCI
- 17.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, prediction, predictive processing, autism phenotype, theory of mind, social cognition, diagnostic biomarkers, autism treatment
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Humans, Infant, Language, Markov Chains, Models, Theoretical, Neuronal Plasticity, Phenotype, Probability, Social Behavior, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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