A protein kinase B-dependent and rapamycin-sensitive pathway controls skeletal muscle growth but not fiber type specification
Open accessAbstract
Nerve activity controls fiber size and fiber type in skeletal muscle, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We have previously shown that Ras–mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcineurin control fiber type but not fiber size in regenerating rat skeletal muscle. Here we report that constitutively active protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, increases fiber size and prevents denervation atrophy in regenerating and adult rat muscles but does not affect fiber type profile. The coexistence of hypertrophic muscle fibers overexpressing activated PKB with normal-size untransfected fibers within the same muscle points to a cell-autonomous control of muscle growth by PKB. The physiological role of this pathway is confirmed by the finding that PKB kinase activity and phosphorylation status are significantly increased in innervated compared with denervated regenerating muscles in parallel with muscle growth. Muscle fiber hypertrophy induced by activated PKB and by a Ras double mutant (RasV12C40) that activates selectively the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–PKB pathway is completely blocked by rapamycin, showing that the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase is the major downstream effector of this pathway in the control of muscle fiber size. On the other hand, nerve activity-dependent growth of regenerating muscle is only partially inhibited by dominant negative PKB and rapamycin, suggesting that other nerve-dependent signaling pathways are involved in muscle growth. The present results support the notion that fiber size and fiber type are regulated by nerve activity through different mechanisms.
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Constitutively active AKT results in striking hypertrophy of transfected muscle fibers, with a similar effect using inducible muscle-specific transgenic models.
“Accordingly, constitutively active AKT results in striking hypertrophy of transfected muscle fibers9, with a similar effect being seen using inducible muscle-specific transgenic models10.”
From Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1, prevents muscle growth during anabolic conditions.
“Consistently, rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1, prevents muscle growth during anabolic conditions9.”
From Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Pallafacchina, G., Calabria, E., Serrano, A. L., Kalhovde, J. M., & Schiaffino, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2002-06-25
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 9213-9218
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC123120
- OpenAlex
- W2168107233
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- Akt, skeletal muscle growth, muscle fiber size, nerve activity, muscle regeneration, denervation atrophy, rapamycin, mTOR kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, calcineurin, cell-autonomous signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Hypertrophy, Male, Muscle Denervation, Muscular Atrophy, Mutation, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Regeneration, Signal Transduction, Rats, Wistar, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Sirolimus, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Rats, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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