Effects of gendered behavior on testosterone in women and men
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Significance: Human biology is typically studied within the framework of sex (evolved, innate factors) rather than gender (sociocultural factors), despite some attention to nature/nurture interactions. Testosterone is an exemplar of biology studied as natural difference: men’s higher testosterone is typically seen as an innate “sex” difference. However, our experiment demonstrates that gender-related social factors also matter, even for biological measures. Gender socialization may affect testosterone by encouraging men but not women toward behaviors that increase testosterone. This shows that research on human sex biology needs to account for gender socialization and that nurture, as well as nature, is salient to hormone physiology. Our paper provides a demonstration of a novel gender→testosterone pathway, opening up new avenues for studying gender biology.
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Gender-related attributes can influence biological outcomes thought primarily driven by sex-related attributes.
“Notably, gender-related attributes can influence biological outcomes that are thought to be primarily driven by sex-related attributes (for example, brain biology, hormonal status and related behaviours)57,58.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- van Anders, S. M., Steiger, J., & Goldey, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, Program in Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Science, Technology, and Society Programs, and Biosocial Methods Collaborative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- George Washington University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- ORCID
- Goldey, Katherine L.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-10-26
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 13805-13810
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4653185
- OpenAlex
- W1831614167
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 15.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- testosterone, gender norms, gendered behavior, competition, masculinity, sex differences, gender socialization, nature-nurture interaction, gender stereotypes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Competitive Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Michigan, Radioimmunoassay, Saliva, Sex Characteristics, Testosterone
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