Voluntary sustainability standards could significantly reduce detrimental impacts of global agriculture
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) may be an effective way to reduce the negative impacts of agriculture at regional to global scales. Here, we present an approach that highlights the potential of VSS to reduce some of the negative externalities associated with agriculture production. To illustrate this potential, we show that VSS could reduce the global environmental impacts from growing sugarcane. Further, most of this environmental benefit comes from targeting just 10% of production area. To realize these environmental gains, incentives for VSS adoption need to be sufficient to cover the costs of criteria compliance. Determining these costs and public and private-sector mechanisms for efficiently transferring VSS-adoption subsidies to farmers and millers are key future research needs.
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Inadequate monitoring and inspection systems contribute to the challenge of ensuring compliance with sustainability criteria.
“Inadequate monitoring and inspection systems contribute to the challenge of ensuring compliance with sustainability criteria (Smith et al., 2019).”
From Green public procurement as an effective way for sustainable development: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Smith et al., 2019
The paper says poor enforcement makes noncompliance with Brazil’s Forest Code less costly, and it proposes a land registry for monitoring and verifying sustainability standards (passages labeled Abstract; page unavailable). These points support the importance of oversight, but the paper does not specifically identify inadequate monitoring and inspection systems as a cause of difficulty ensuring compliance with sustainability criteria. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Smith, W. K., Nelson, E., Johnson, J. A., Polasky, S., Milder, J. C., Gerber, J. S., West, P. C., Siebert, S., Brauman, K. A., Carlson, K. M., Arbuthnot, M., Rozza, J. P., & Pennington, D. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Bowdoin College (US)
- Rainforest Alliance (US)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- World Wildlife Fund (US)
- Coca Cola (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Polasky, S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2019-01-22
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2130-2137
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6369756
- OpenAlex
- W2914509016
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bowdoin - Digital Commons (Bowdoin College) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1540195)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (HAW01136-H)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (NE/M021327/1)
- World Wildlife Fund
- Coca-Cola Foundation
- University of Minnesota
- Belmont Forum
- Luc Hoffmann Institute
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (HAW01136-H)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/M021327/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- voluntary sustainability standards, sugarcane, environmental impact of agriculture, irrigation water use, nutrient loading, greenhouse gas emissions, indirect land use change, sustainable consumption and production, ecosystem services, scenario analysis, carbon stocks
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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