Quantitative assessment of prefrontal cortex in humans relative to nonhuman primates
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Significance: A longstanding controversy in neuroscience pertains to differences in human prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared with other primate species; specifically, is human PFC disproportionately large? Distinctively human behavioral capacities related to higher cognition and affect presumably arose from evolutionary modifications since humans and great apes diverged from a common ancestor about 6–8 Mya. Accurate determination of regional differences in the amount of cortical gray and subcortical white matter content in humans, great apes, and Old World monkeys can further our understanding of the link between structure and function of the human brain. Using tissue volume analyses, we show a disproportionately large amount of gray and white matter corresponding to PFC in humans compared with nonhuman primates.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Modifications of developmental events during primate evolution produce quantitative and qualitative changes in cellular structure and synaptic circuitry.
“Although the basic principles of cortical development may be similar in all mammals, the modifications of developmental events during millennia of primate evolution produce not only quantitative but also qualitative changes of its cellular structure and synaptic circuitry [13, 20].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
The Abstract reports disproportionately greater prefrontal gray and white matter in humans than in nonhuman primates. The Discussion (‘Human PFC Volume Is Disproportionately Large’; page unavailable) suggests that increased synaptic machinery may partly explain this difference. The paper does not establish that modifications of developmental events produced qualitative changes in cellular structure or synaptic circuitry. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn humans, the PFC evolved disproportionally large and is thought to be the last region of the brain to gain full maturity.
“In humans, the PFC can be considered to have evolved disproportionally large and it is thought to be the last region of the brain to gain full maturity [12, 13].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
The Discussion section, “Human PFC Volume Is Disproportionately Large” (page not available), reports that the human PFC occupies a larger proportion of cortical gray and white matter than in the nonhuman primates studied. The paper does not address whether the PFC is the last brain region to reach full maturity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL
Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E. J., Johansen-Berg, H., Bannister, P. R., De Luca, M., Drobnjak, I., Flitney, D. E., et al. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051 · Cited by 13,630 · see citing works
Fischl, B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021 · Cited by 9,526 · see citing works
Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., van der Kouwe, A., Killiany, R., Kennedy, D., Klaveness, S., et al. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00569-x · Cited by 8,610 · see citing works
The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project
Glasser, M. F., Sotiropoulos, S. N., Wilson, J. A., Coalson, T. S., Fischl, B., Andersson, J. L., Xu, J., Jbabdi, S., Webster, M., Polimeni, J. R., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127 · Cited by 5,253 · see citing works
Self-citationA multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex
Glasser, M. F., Coalson, T. S., Robinson, E. C., Hacker, C. D., Harwell, J., Yacoub, E., Ugurbil, K., Andersson, J., Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18933 · Cited by 5,111 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Bechara, A. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 · Cited by 3,589 · see citing works
DISCONNEXION SYNDROMES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Geschwind, N. (1965) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.237 · Cited by 3,419 · see citing works
Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of Marsupials: Not as “Primitive” as Expected
Santos, S. E. D., Porfírio, J., Cunha, F., Manger, P. R., Tavares, W. C., Pessôa, L. M., Raghanti, M. A., Sherwood, C. C., & Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000452856 · Cited by 2,651 · see citing works
Glasser, M. F., & Van Essen, D. C. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2180-11.2011 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Self-citationKlivenyi, P., Andreassen, O. A., Ferrante, R. J., Dedeoglu, A., Mueller, G., Lancelot, E., Bogdanov, M., Andersen, J. K., Jiang, D., & Beal, M. F. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-01-00001.2000 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
The Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., Huang, X., & Toga, A. W. (1999) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Do rats have a prefrontal cortex?
Uylings, H. B. M., Groenewegen, H. J., & Kolb, B. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.028 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
Öngür, D., Ferry, A. T., & Price, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10609 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
Petrides, M., & Pandya, D. N. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.02090.x · Cited by 882 · see citing works
The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: From affect to decision-making
Rolls, E. T., & Fabian Grabenhorst, B. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.001 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey
Walker, A. E. (1940) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.900730106 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Duvernoy, H. M. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6792-2 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Do Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered
Preuss, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Self-citationArchitectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey
Carmichael, S. T., & Price, J. L. (1994) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903460305 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
MSM: a new flexible framework for Multimodal Surface Matching
Robinson, E. C., Jbabdi, S., Glasser, M. F., Andersson, J., Burgess, G. C., Harms, M. P., Smith, S. M., Van Essen, D. C., & Jenkinson, M. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.069 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative mapping of higher visual areas in monkeys and humans
Orban, G. A., Van Essen, D., & Vanduffel, W. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.009 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontal Granular Cortex and Behavior.
Orbach, J. (1964) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720300109016 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Schall, J. D., Morel, A., King, D., & Bullier, J. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-06-04464.1995 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Parcellations and Hemispheric Asymmetries of Human Cerebral Cortex Analyzed on Surface-Based Atlases
Van Essen, D. C., Glasser, M. F., Dierker, D. L., Harwell, J., & Coalson, T. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr291 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Self-citationSurface-Based and Probabilistic Atlases of Primate Cerebral Cortex
Essen, D. C. V., & Dierker, D. L. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.015 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Herculano-Houzel, S., & Lent, R. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4526-04.2005 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex
Semendeferi, K., Lu, A., Schenker-Ahmed, N. M., & Damasio, H. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn814 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system.
Williams, S. M., & Goldman-Rakic, P. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.4.321 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Forward frontal fields: phylogeny and fundamental function
Wise, S. P. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.08.008 · Cited by 478 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 24aa and 24ap, respectively) based on descriptions of area 24 as dysgranular anteriorly with associated cognitive-related function transitioning to an agranular cytoarchitecture posteriorly associated with motor function (30, 40, 41).”
Trends and properties of human cerebral cortex: Correlations with cortical myelin content
Glasser, M. F., Goyal, M. S., Preuss, T. M., Raichle, M. E., & Essen, D. C. V. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.060 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Self-citationA Combined MRI and Histology Atlas of the Rhesus Monkey Brain: In Stereotaxic Coordinates
Saleem, K. S., & Logothetis, N. K. (2012) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Prefrontal white matter volume is disproportionately larger in humans than in other primates
Schoenemann, P. T., Sheehan, M. J., & Glotzer, L. D. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1394 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
The Human Brain in Figures and Tables
Snider, R. S. (1969) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.19.7.714-a · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Donahue, C. J., Sotiropoulos, S. N., Jbabdi, S., Hernandez-Fernandez, M., Behrens, T. E., Dyrby, T. B., Coalson, T., Kennedy, H., Knoblauch, K., Van Essen, D. C., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0493-16.2016 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Evolution, and the Origin of Insight
Passingham, R. E., & Wise, S. P. (2012) · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199552917.001.0001 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
The orbitofrontal cortex and its connections with the mediodorsal nucleus in rabbit, sheep and cat.
ROSE, J. E., & Woolsey, C. N. (1948) · PubMed · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Multimodal surface matching with higher-order smoothness constraints
Robinson, E. C., Garcia, K., Glasser, M. F., Chen, Z., Coalson, T. S., Makropoulos, A., Božek, J., Wright, R., Schuh, A., Webster, M., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.037 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Evolution, and the Origin of Insight
Passingham, R. E., & Wise, S. P. (2012) · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Pyramidal Cells of the Frontal Lobe: All the More Spinous to Think With
Elston, G. N. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-18-j0002.2000 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging
Semendeferi, K., & Damásio, H. (2000) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0381 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Murray, E. A., O'Doherty, J. P., & Schoenbaum, G. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1556-07.2007 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
A Conserved Pattern of Differential Expansion of Cortical Areas in Simian Primates
Chaplin, T. A., Yu, H., Soares, J. G. M., Gattass, R., & Rosa, M. G. P. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2909-13.2013 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Surface-based approaches to spatial localization and registration in primate cerebral cortex
Essen, D. C. V. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.024 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Exceptional Evolutionary Expansion of Prefrontal Cortex in Great Apes and Humans
Smaers, J. B., Gómez‐Robles, A., Parks, A. N., & Sherwood, C. C. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.020 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Microstructural Border Between the Motor and the Cognitive Domain in the Human Cerebral Cortex
Geyer, S. (2004) · Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18910-4 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey Analyzed on Surface-Based Atlases
Essen, D. C. V., Glasser, M. F., Dierker, D. L., & Harwell, J. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr290 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationGaspar, P., Stepniewska, I., & Kaas, J. H. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903250102 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
An MRI based average macaque monkey stereotaxic atlas and space (MNI monkey space)
Frey, S., Pandya, D. Ν., Chakravarty, M. M., Bailey, L., Petrides, M., & Collins, D. L. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.040 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Thalamic input to mesial and superior area 6 in the macaque monkey
Matelli, M., & Luppino, G. (1996) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960812)372:1 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The isocortex of the chimpanzee.
Bailey, P., von Bonin, G., & McCulloch, W. S. (1950) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Primate Prefrontal Cortex Evolution: Human Brains Are the Extreme of a Lateralized Ape Trend
Smaers, J. B., Steele, J., Case, C. R., Cowper, A., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2011) · Brain, Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000323671 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Human frontal lobes are not relatively large
Barton, R. A., & Venditti, C. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1215723110 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Elston (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The scaling of frontal cortex in primates and carnivores
Bush, E., & Allman, J. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0305760101 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The human brain: rewired and running hot
Preuss, T. M. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06001.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationNo relative expansion of the number of prefrontal neurons in primate and human evolution
Gabi, M., Neves, K., MASSERON, C. C., Ribeiro, P. F. M., Ventura‐Antunes, L., Torres, L. B., Mota, B., Kaas, J. H., & Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1610178113 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Passingham, R., & Smaers, J. (2014) · Brain, Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000365183 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Pyramidal Cell of the Sensorimotor Cortex of the Macaque Monkey: Phenotypic Variation
Elston, G. N. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.10.1071 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Evolution of Memory Systems
Murray, E. A., Wise, S. P., & Graham, K. S. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686438.001.0001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Is prefrontal white matter enlargement a human evolutionary specialization?
Sherwood, C. C., Holloway, R. L., Semendeferi, K., & Hof, P. R. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0505-537 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Prologue: Toward the Concept of a Cortical Control of Voluntary Movements
Geyer, S. (2004) · Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18910-4_1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
What's the fuss over human frontal lobe evolution?
Sherwood, C. C., & Smaers, J. B. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evolutionary Specializations of Human Association Cortex
Mars, R. B., Passingham, R. E., Neubert, F.-X., Verhagen, L., & Sallet, J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00118-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pyramidal cell specialization in the occipitotemporal cortex of the vervet monkey
Elston, G. N., Benavides‐Piccione, R., Elston, A., et al. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200506210-00017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Preuss, T. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420190-3.00008-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of The Human Brain in Figures and Tables: A quantitative Handbook.
BROžEK, J. (1969) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/0010366 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [21]Schoenemann PT 1997 An MRI study of the relationship between human neuroanatomy and behavioral ability. Available at www.indiana.edu/∼brainevo/publications/dissertation/Dissertation_title.htm. Accessed December 1, 2017
- [63]Lewis JW Van Essen DC 2000 Corticocortical connections of visual, sensorimotor, and multimodal processing areas in the parietal lobe of the macaque monkey J Comp Neurol 428 112 137 11058227
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Development of prefrontal cortex
Kolk, S. M., & Rakic, P. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“In humans, the PFC can be considered to have evolved disproportionally large and it is thought to be the last region of the brain to gain full maturity [12, 13].”
BackgroundCross-species functional alignment reveals evolutionary hierarchy within the connectome
Xu, T., Nenning, K.-H., Schwartz, E., Hong, S.-J., Vogelstein, J. T., Goulas, A., Fair, D. A., Schroeder, C. E., Margulies, D. S., Smallwood, J., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117346 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Developmental mechanisms underlying the evolution of human cortical circuits
Vanderhaeghen, P., & Polleux, F. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00675-z · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Ardesch, D. J., Scholtens, L. H., Li, L., Preuss, T. M., Rilling, J. K., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1818512116 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution of behavioural control from chordates to primates
Cisek, P. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0522 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Local and long-distance organization of prefrontal cortex circuits in the marmoset brain
Watakabe, A., Skibbe, H., Nakae, K., Abe, H., Ichinohe, N., Rachmadi, M. F., Wang, J., Takaji, M., Mizukami, H., Woodward, A., et al. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.028 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of Prefrontal Patterning, Connectivity and Synaptogenesis by Retinoic Acid
Shibata, M., Pattabiraman, K., Lorente-Galdos, B., Andrijevic, D., Xing, X., Sousa, A. M. M., Santpere, G., & Sestan, N. (2019) · doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.891036 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Theriault (n.d.) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pkzr8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Donahue, C. J., Glasser, M. F., Preuss, T. M., Rilling, J. K., & Van Essen, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Corresponding author
- Donahue, Chad J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-05-08
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- E5183-E5192
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5984508
- OpenAlex
- W2784003079
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 40.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (2T32EB014855)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (F30MH097312, RO1MH60974, U54MH091657)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging (P01AG026423)
- HHS | NIH | National Center for Research Resources (P51RR165)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R24NS092988)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, human evolution, non-human primates, chimpanzees, macaque, association cortex, cortical surface mapping, cytoarchitecture, subcortical white matter, brain size, cerebral cortex
- MeSH terms
- Anatomy, Comparative, Animals, Pan troglodytes, Female, Humans, Macaca, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuroanatomy, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
