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Cited by 492Climate Change and Health ImpactsClimate Change Communication and PerceptionMental Health Treatment and Access

Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change

Open access
Obradovich, Nick, Migliorini, Robyn, Paulus, Martin P., Rahwan, Iyad·2018·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.1801528115PMC PMC6205461
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Abstract

Sound mental health-a critical facet of human wellbeing-has the potential to be undermined by climate change. Few large-scale studies have empirically examined this hypothesis. Here, we show that short-term exposure to more extreme weather, multiyear warming, and tropical cyclone exposure each associate with worsened mental health. To do so, we couple meteorological and climatic data with reported mental health difficulties drawn from nearly 2 million randomly sampled US residents between 2002 and 2012. We find that shifting from monthly temperatures between 25 °C and 30 °C to >30 °C increases the probability of mental health difficulties by 0.5% points, that 1°C of 5-year warming associates with a 2% point increase in the prevalence of mental health issues, and that exposure to Hurricane Katrina associates with a 4% point increase in this metric. Our analyses provide added quantitative support for the conclusion that environmental stressors produced by climate change pose threats to human mental health.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1801528115

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

16 of 48 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change · p. 2

    Psychiatric hospital visits increase during hotter temperatures.

    “psychiatric hospital visits increase during hotter temperatures (31-33)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [31] source
    • cites [32] source
    • cites [33] Chan EY, et al. (2018) Association between ambient temperatures and mental disorder hospitalizations in a subtropical city: A time-series study of Hong Kong special administrative region. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:754. source
  • Premisecitation
    § Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change · p. 2

    Exposure to hurricanes and floods is associated with symptoms of acute depression and posttraumatic stress disorder.

    “exposure to hurricanes and floods is associated with symptoms of acute depression as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (22-27)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

      The Socio-demographic predictors of the trends section (page not provided) reports a strong association between hurricane-related stress and PTSD, as well as serious mental illness. The paper studies Hurricane Katrina, but does not establish the claimed association for floods separately or report acute depression as a distinct outcome. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [23] source
    • cites [24] source

      The Results report hurricane-related PTSD and depression in the months after Hurricane Ike, supporting the hurricane portion of the claim. The Introduction and Discussion note that post-hurricane depression prevalence was comparable to general-population estimates, so the paper does not establish an increased risk of acute depression; it also does not separately assess flood exposure. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [25] source
    • cites [26]
    • cites [27] source

      The Discussion reports elevated probable depression and PTSD one and two years after flooding, supporting the flood-related portion of the claim. The paper studies flooding in England, not hurricane exposure or acute symptoms. Its Abstract Results also report that flooding was associated with higher adjusted odds of depression at year two, but not PTSD. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Study design and conductcitation
    § Methods · p. 6

    Nonclimatic control variables are omitted from the main equation to avoid posttreatment bias in the parameters of interest.

    “We omit nonclimatic control variables from Eq. 1 because of their potential to generate posttreatment bias in our parameters of interest (18, 45).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] source
    • cites [45] Hsiang S (2016) Climate econometrics. Annu Rev Resource Econ 8:43-75. source
  • Interpretationcitation
    § Methods · p. 6

    After conditioning on the fixed effects, the coefficients on maximum temperature and precipitation days can be interpreted as causal effects on the 30-day occurrence of mental health issues.

    “The estimated coefficients from f ( AVG . TMAXijkst ) and g ( PRECIP . DAYSijkts ) from this estimation can thus be interpreted as the causal effects of maximum temperature and precipitation days on the 30-d occurrence of mental health issues (45, 62).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [45] Hsiang S (2016) Climate econometrics. Annu Rev Resource Econ 8:43-75. source

      In §2.1.2 (page unavailable), the paper says unit fixed effects absorb time-invariant differences and describes weather variation as usually assumed exogenous. It also warns that time-varying confounders and omitted, correlated weather variables can bias the coefficients. It therefore supports the general identification approach, but not the claim that conditioning on fixed effects alone makes these particular temperature and precipitation coefficients causal for 30-day mental-health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [62] Carleton TA, Hsiang SM (2016) Social and economic impacts of climate. Science 353:aad9837. source
    • The authors state this as an assumption: After conditioning on the fixed effects, the remaining variation in 30-day maximum temperature and precipitation is as good as random.
  • Premisecitation
    § Methods · p. 5

    Not controlling for average diurnal temperature range, cloud cover, relative humidity, and wind speed could bias the primary estimates.

    “We control for average diurnal temperature range, percentage of cloud cover, relative humidity, and wind speed, which are represented via Z η , as failure to do so may bias our primary estimates (45).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Hsiang S (2016) Climate econometrics. Annu Rev Resource Econ 8:43-75. source

      Section 2.1.2 (page unavailable) says estimates may be biased when important, correlated climatic variables are omitted. It does not identify diurnal temperature range, cloud cover, relative humidity, or wind speed as necessary controls, so it supports the general rationale but not the specific list. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change · p. 2

    Heat and drought amplify the risk of suicide.

    “both heat and drought amplify the risk of suicide (28-30)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [28] source

      The Abstract reports that high temperatures increase suicide rates during India’s growing season. But the Agricultural Mechanism passage explicitly says that drought appears to have no effect on suicide rates, either immediately or with a lag, contrary to the claim about drought. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [29] source
    • cites [30] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change · p. 2

    The mental health measure has psychometric test-retest reliability and convergent validity with other standard measures of mental health status.

    “This measure has been shown to possess both psychometric test-retest reliability (38) and convergent validity with other standard measures of mental health status (39, 40).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [38] Andresen EM, Catlin TK, Wyrwich KW, Jackson-Thompson J (2003) Retest reliability of surveillance questions on health related quality of life. J Epidemiol Community Health 57:339-343. source
    • cites [39] Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Kobau R (2003) The centers for disease control and prevention's healthy days measures-Population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time. Health Qual Life Outcomes 1:37. source
    • cites [40] Kroenke K, et al. (2009) The phq-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affective Disord 114:163-173. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Methods · p. 7

    Demographic variables may be affected by Katrina exposure, so specifications excluding demographic controls are preferred.

    “However, as these demographic variables may be affected by Katrina exposure, we prefer the specifications that exclude demographic controls (45).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Hsiang S (2016) Climate econometrics. Annu Rev Resource Econ 8:43-75. source

      Section 2.1.2, “Identification in time series” (page not provided), warns that controlling for nonclimatic factors affected by climatic events can introduce bad-control bias. It does not specifically address whether Katrina exposure affected demographic variables. The preference for specifications without those controls is the citing authors’ choice, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Methods · p. 6

    Demographic variables may themselves be driven by longer-term meteorological changes and thus act as bad controls, so specifications excluding demographic controls are preferred.

    “However, as these demographic variables may themselves be driven by longer-term changes in meteorological variables and thus, serve as 'bad controls,' we prefer the specifications that exclude demographic controls (45).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Hsiang S (2016) Climate econometrics. Annu Rev Resource Econ 8:43-75. source

      Section 2.1.2, “Identification in time series” (page not provided), warns that time-varying nonclimatic factors can be bad controls if climatic events affect them. It gives crop prices and avoidance behavior as examples, but does not specifically address demographic variables or longer-term meteorological changes. The preference for specifications without demographic controls is the citing authors’ own choice. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change · p. 2

    Short-term exposure to more extreme weather, multiyear warming, and tropical cyclone exposure each associate with worsened mental health.

    “Here, we show that short-term exposure to more extreme weather, multiyear warming, and tropical cyclone exposure each associate with worsened mental health.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · p. 4 · plain
      “we show that short-term weather, multiyear warming, and tropical cyclone exposure each relate to worsened mental health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning
    § Results · p. 4

    Cities that are missing some years produce a smaller estimate (coefficient 1.293, P = 0.134, n = 78).

    “cities that are missing some years produce a smaller estimate (coefficient: 1.293, P = 0.134, n = 78)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Spatial variation in multiyear warming is exogenous to unobserved determinants of mental health changes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Methods · p. 5

    The distribution of answers to the mental health variable clusters at weeks of the month and at 5-day intervals, even though the underlying distribution is probably continuous.

    “the distribution of the answers to our mental health variable presents a clustering at weeks of the month as well as at 5-d intervals, although the true underlying distribution is likely continuous ( SI Appendix , Fig. S9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 4

    The estimate is slightly larger if only cities that have subjects across each year in the sample are included (coefficient 2.055, p = 0.014, n = 78).

    “This estimate is slightly larger if we include only the cities that have subjects across each year in the sample (coefficient: 2.055, p =0.014, n =78)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Spatial variation in multiyear warming is exogenous to unobserved determinants of mental health changes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Methods · p. 5

    Areas not exposed to Hurricane Katrina saw a decrease in mental health issue rates, while exposed areas saw an increase.

    “Locales not exposed to Katrina observed a drop in rates of mental health issues, while locales exposed to Katrina experienced an increase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premiseown data
    § Results · p. 3

    Changes in precipitation are projected with less certainty.

    “Changes in precipitation are projected with less certainty (Fig. 1 B ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § Results · p. 4

    The smaller estimate for cities missing some years may be due to attenuation from added measurement error.

    “possibly due to attenuation from added measurement error (48).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Wooldridge JM (2010) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Empirical evidence of mental health risks posed by climate change · p. 2

    The theoretical relationship between climate change and mental health risk is compelling.

    “the theoretical relationship between climate change and mental health risk is compelling (2, 21).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] source
    • cites [21] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Methods · p. 5

    Memory limitations from the interaction of psychological distress and cognitive functioning can make recall of mental health difficulties less accurate and add error to a 30-day measure.

    “recall of mental health difficulties may be susceptible to memory limitations given the interaction of psychological distress and cognitive functioning (56), adding error to the 30-d measure (48).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [56] Kizilbash AH, Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G (2002) The effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 17:57-67. source
    • cites [48] Wooldridge JM (2010) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Results · p. 4

    Hurricane Katrina resulted in one of the worst disasters in US history and affected millions of individuals along the US Gulf Coast.

    “Hurricane Katrina resulted in one of the worst disasters in US history and affected millions of individuals along the US Gulf Coast (49).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Lambrew JM, Shalala DE (2006) Federal health policy response to Hurricane Katrina: What it was and what it could have been. JAMA 296:1394-1397. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 5

    Worry about climate change itself may exacerbate the environmental impacts on mental wellbeing.

    “Worry about climate change itself may exacerbate these environmental impacts on mental wellbeing (52, 53).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] Searle K, Gow K (2010) Do concerns about climate change lead to distress? Int J Clim Change Strateg Management 2:362-379. source
    • cites [53] Clayton S, Manning C, Krygsman K, Speiser M (2017) Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance (American Psychological Association and ecoAmerica, Washington, DC).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data
    § Methods · p. 6

    In the full-distribution model, coefficients represent the change in the probability of reporting mental health issues from having one more day in the 30-day window fall in a given maximum-temperature bin.

    “Coefficient estimates in this model represent the effect on probability of reporting mental health issues of having 1 additional day of the 30-d window falling in the specified maximum temperature bin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 5

    Care is warranted with respect to the causal interpretation of these estimates.

    “As a result, care is warranted with respect to the causal interpretation of these estimates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Methods · p. 6

    Unobserved daily factors or region-specific time trends could correlate spuriously with weather and affect mental health outcomes; calendar-date and state-by-year fixed effects control for these potential confounders.

    “Furthermore, there may be unobserved daily considerations or region-specific time trends influencing our mental health outcomes that could spuriously correlate with the weather. To control for these potential confounds, we include µ t and ν ks in Eq. 1 , representing calendar date and state-by-year fixed effects, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Significance · p. 3

    Climate change is likely to increase the rates of year-over-year and decade-over-decade warming of local climates and the chronic stressors that such warming produces.

    “climate change is also likely to increase the rates of year-over-year and decade-over-decade warming of local climates and the chronic stressors that such warming produces (14, 46).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] source
    • cites [46] Smith SJ, Edmonds J, Hartin CA, Mundra A, Calvin K (2015) Near-term acceleration in the rate of temperature change. Nat Clim Change 5:333-336. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Methods · p. 6

    There is little evidence that meteorology affects sample collection, suggesting a low threat of sample-selection bias from the meteorological variables used.

    “SI Appendix , Table S7 presents minimal evidence of the effect of meteorology on sample collection, indicating a low threat of sample selection bias driven by the meteorological variables that we use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § Methods · p. 6

    Spatial and serial correlation in the error term is addressed with heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors clustered at the state level.

    “We adjust for spatial and serial correlation in ϵ ijkts by using heteroskedasticity-robust SEs clustered at the state level (48).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Wooldridge JM (2010) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Methods · p. 6

    The coefficient from the long-differences equation estimates the relationship between multiyear warming and multiyear change in the rate of individuals reporting mental health issues.

    “β from Eq. 5 provides an estimate of multiyear warming on multiyear change in rates of individuals reporting mental health issues.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: City-level changes in mean maximum temperature between the two periods are uncorrelated with unobserved time-varying variables that affect mental health outcomes.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Methods · p. 6

    The difference-in-differences estimate of interest represents the relationship between a city's experience of Hurricane Katrina and its residents' later mental health outcomes.

    “Our estimate of interest, ψ , represents the relationship between a city's experience with Hurricane Katrina and residents' subsequent mental health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: There are no contemporaneous shocks, and disaster-affected areas were trending similarly to nondisaster areas before Hurricane Katrina landfall.
23 of 23

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical relationships between climatic variations and mental health can help estimate the magnitude of risks that climate change poses to mental health.

    “These historical relationships can aid in estimating the magnitude of the risks that climate change poses to mental health.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Meteorological variation is exogenous.

    “leveraging exogenous meteorological variation to examine the effect of short-run (past 30 d) weather exposure on individuals' mental health outcomes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the absence of Hurricane Katrina, disaster and nondisaster areas would have followed parallel trends in mental health.

    “we use a difference-in-differences approach, leveraging the landfall of Hurricane Katrina to examine the association between tropical cyclone exposure and our measure of reported mental health outcomes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Spatial variation in multiyear warming is exogenous to unobserved determinants of mental health changes.

    “we use the long-differences approach (28, 45, 47), leveraging spatial variation in city-level changes between the years 2002-2006 and 2007-2011”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hurricane Katrina exposure is captured by declared disaster areas.

    “Cities with declared disasters observed an increase in reports of mental health issues over this same period.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    After conditioning on the fixed effects, the remaining variation in 30-day maximum temperature and precipitation is as good as random.

    “Our empirical identifying assumption is that the remaining variation in 30-d maximum temperature and precipitation is as good as random after conditioning on these fixed effects (45, 62) ( SI Appendix , Fig. S2).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    City-level changes in mean maximum temperature between the two periods are uncorrelated with unobserved time-varying variables that affect mental health outcomes.

    “Unbiasedness of β requires that city-level changes in mean maximum temperature between our two periods are uncorrelated with unobserved time-varying variables that alter our mental health outcomes of interest (47).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    There are no contemporaneous shocks, and disaster-affected areas were trending similarly to nondisaster areas before Hurricane Katrina landfall.

    “Unbiasedness of ψ requires the assumption of no contemporaneous shocks and that disaster affected areas were trending similarly to nondisaster areas before hurricane landfall (48).”
8 of 8

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Monthly temperatures above 30 °C increased the probability of mental health difficulties by 0.5%.

    “Another study found that monthly temperatures above 30 °C increased the probability of mental health difficulties by 0.5%, and ongoing exposure to increasing temperatures (1 °C over five years) was associated with a 2% increase in the prevalence of mental health issues [28].”

    From Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Discussion (p. 4) reports that shifting from average monthly temperatures of 25–30 °C to above 30 °C is associated with a 0.5-percentage-point increase in the probability of mental health difficulties. It also reports a 2-percentage-point association for 1 °C of warming over five years. The citing sentence gives these as percent increases rather than percentage-point increases and omits the monthly-temperature comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Ongoing exposure to increasing temperatures (1 °C over five years) was associated with a 2% increase in the prevalence of mental health issues.

    “Another study found that monthly temperatures above 30 °C increased the probability of mental health difficulties by 0.5%, and ongoing exposure to increasing temperatures (1 °C over five years) was associated with a 2% increase in the prevalence of mental health issues [28].”

    From Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [28]

    The Discussion (p. 4) associates 1 °C of warming over five years with a 2-percentage-point increase in the prevalence of mental health issues. The citing sentence reports this as a 2% increase, which can imply a relative increase; it likewise describes the monthly-temperature finding as 0.5% rather than 0.5 percentage points. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The central findings of Obradovich et al. (2018) and Burke et al. (2018) corroborate our results for the outcomes they address.

    “The central findings of each of these papers corroborate our results for the two different outcomes they address.”

    From Temperature and mental health: Evidence from the spectrum of mental health outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as Obradovich et al., 2018

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Precipitation comparison uses two different baselines

    Minor

    The results describe the comparison as being against months with zero precipitation days, but the methods say the omitted reference category includes zero to five precipitation days. Those are not the same baseline.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. S Clayton, C Manning, C Hodge Beyond Storms & Droughts: The Psychological Impacts of Climate Change (American Psychological Association and ecoAmerica, Washington, DC, 2014).

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Obradovich, N., Migliorini, R., Paulus, M. P., & Rahwan, I.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital (US)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • MIT Media Lab (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2018-10-08
Volume
115
Issue
43
Pages
10953-10958
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.1801528115
PMC
PMC6205461
OpenAlex
W2894555852
Semantic Scholar
a29e8d843e2b99e6fd6913fb8a67bc4019a6edea
Cited by
492
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 77 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2
FWCI
15.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtml (vor, 182 d)
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
climate change, mental health, extreme weather events, heat exposure, tropical cyclones, Hurricane Katrina, environmental stressors
MeSH terms
Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disasters, Humans, Mental Health, Risk, Weather, Prevalence, Cyclonic Storms, Climate Change

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