Gliogenesis in the outer subventricular zone promotes enlargement and gyrification of the primate cerebrum
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Significance: The formation of cortical convolutions of primates, including humans, is one of the most important subjects in developmental neuroscience, but the underlying mechanisms—considered mostly solved toward the end of the 20th century—have become controversial in the last decade. Recent studies suggest that a stem cell zone called the outer subventricular zone (oSVZ) induces gyri to form directly through neurogenesis. Here, we provide evidence in macaque monkey demonstrating that oSVZ neurogenesis is actually complete before gyrification begins and that a major function of the oSVZ is to produce the glial cells associated with the rapid expansion and folding of the cortical surface.
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In nonhuman primates and humans, glial cells seem to somewhat outnumber neurons in the PFC, with regional variation likely contributing to formation of secondary and tertiary gyri.
“In nonhuman primates and human, glial cells seem to somewhat outnumber neurons in the PFC, albeit with regional variation which is likely to contribute to the formation of secondary and tertiary gyri [77–81].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [77]
The Abstract says glial cells outnumber cerebral neurons by a factor of three, and the Discussion suggests that areal differences in oligodendrocyte production could help shape certain gyri and sulci. The paper does not establish a glia-to-neuron ratio specifically in the PFC or link that variation specifically to secondary and tertiary gyri; its developmental findings are chiefly from macaque parietal cerebrum. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Rash, B. G., Duque, A., Morozov, Y. M., Arellano, J. I., Micali, N., & Rakic, P.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2019-03-20
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 7089-7094
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6452694
- OpenAlex
- W2923197044
- Semantic Scholar
- 8b7df27ef95b6ee2b283c9946cffa023751cdcb2
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (DA02399, EY002593)
- Dorys McConnell Duberg (Endowed Chair)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- outer subventricular zone, gliogenesis, cortical folding, cortical expansion, neurogenesis, glial cells, macaque, primate brain development
- MeSH terms
- PAX6 Transcription Factor, Animals, Astrocytes, Embryo, Mammalian, Macaca, Neurons, Oligodendroglia, Primates, Homeodomain Proteins, Lateral Ventricles, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Cerebrum, Neurogenesis
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