GADD45 induction of a G 2 /M cell cycle checkpoint
Open accessAbstract
G 1 /S and G 2 /M cell cycle checkpoints maintain genomic stability in eukaryotes in response to genotoxic stress. We report here both genetic and functional evidence of a Gadd45-mediated G 2 /M checkpoint in human and murine cells. Increased expression of Gadd45 via microinjection of an expression vector into primary human fibroblasts arrests the cells at the G 2 /M boundary with a phenotype of MPM2 immunopositivity, 4 n DNA content and, in 15% of the cells, centrosome separation. The Gadd45-mediated G 2 /M arrest depends on wild-type p53, because no arrest was observed either in p53-null Li–Fraumeni fibroblasts or in normal fibroblasts coexpressed with p53 mutants. Increased expression of cyclin B1 and Cdc25C inhibited the Gadd45-mediated G 2 /M arrest in human fibroblasts, indicating that the mechanism of Gadd45-mediated G 2 /M checkpoint is at least in part through modulation of the activity of the G 2 -specific kinase, cyclin B1/p34 cdc2 . Genetic and physiological evidence of a Gadd45-mediated G 2 /M checkpoint was obtained by using GADD45 -deficient human or murine cells. Human cells with endogenous Gadd45 expression reduced by antisense GADD45 expression have an impaired G 2 /M checkpoint after exposure to either ultraviolet radiation or methyl methanesulfonate but are still able to undergo G 2 arrest after ionizing radiation. Lymphocytes from gadd45 -knockout mice ( gadd45 −/−) also retained a G 2 /M checkpoint initiated by ionizing radiation and failed to arrest at G 2 /M after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, the mammalian genome is protected by a multiplicity of G 2 /M checkpoints in response to specific types of DNA damage.
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GADD45A can induce G2/M cell cycle arrest.
“The p53 target genes BTG236, 154, 155 and GADD45A13, 156 can also induce G1/S and G2/M cell cycle arrest, respectively.”
From Census and evaluation of p53 target genes (2017) · cites this paper as [156]
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Kabir, M., Sun, N., Hu, X., Martin, T. C., Yi, J., Zhong, Y., Xiong, Y., Kaniskan, H. Ü., Gu, W., Parsons, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c04640 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
UV irradiation induces a postreplication DNA damage checkpoint
Callegari, A. J., & Kelly, T. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607343103 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, X. W., Zhan, Q., Coursen, J. D., Khan, M. A., Kontny, H. U., Yu, L., Hollander, M. C., O’Connor, P. M., Fornace, A. J., & Harris, C. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1999-03-30
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3706-3711
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC22358
- OpenAlex
- W2062674518
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 16.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Keywords
- GADD45, G2/M checkpoint, cell cycle checkpoints, p53, cyclin B1, Cdc25C, genotoxic stress, DNA damage response, ultraviolet radiation, methyl methanesulfonate, ionizing radiation, centrosome separation, genome stability, human fibroblasts
- MeSH terms
- GADD45 Proteins, Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Line, Colonic Neoplasms, DNA Damage, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fibroblasts, Humans, Lymphocytes, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mitosis, Proteins, Recombinant Proteins, Spleen, Transfection, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Genes, p53, G2 Phase, Cyclins, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Cell Cycle Proteins, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21, Mice, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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