The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evolution of biological complexity
Open accessAbstract
To make a case for or against a trend in the evolution of complexity in biological evolution, complexity needs to be both rigorously defined and measurable. A recent information-theoretic (but intuitively evident) definition identifies genomic complexity with the amount of information a sequence stores about its environment. We investigate the evolution of genomic complexity in populations of digital organisms and monitor in detail the evolutionary transitions that increase complexity. We show that, because natural selection forces genomes to behave as a natural “Maxwell Demon,” within a fixed environment, genomic complexity is forced to increase.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x · Cited by 88,486
An extracellular Darwinian experiment with a self-duplicating nucleic acid molecule.
Mills, D. R., Peterson, R. L., & Spiegelman, S. (1967) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.58.1.217 · Cited by 648
Research works printed but not linked: 28
- 10.4159/harvard.9780674063396 · DOI · Paper page
- D W McShea Evolution (Lawrence, Kans) 50, 477–492 (1996).
- 10.1016/0167-2789(95)00107-F · doi:10.1016/0167-2789(95)00107-f
- 10.1016/S0167-2789(99)00179-7 · DOI
- 10.1086/406830 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/978-1-4612-1650-6 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1038/23245 · DOI · Paper page
- T Cavalier-Smith The Evolution of Genome Size, ed T Cavalier-Smith (Wiley, New York, 1985).
- M Dixon, E C Webb The Enzymes (Academic, New York, 1964).
- 10.1126/science.165.3891.349 · DOI · Paper page
- E Schrödinger What is Life? (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1945).
- L L Gatlin Information Theory and the Living System (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1972).
- 10.2307/2413283 · doi:10.2307/2413283
- 10.1063/1.3057866 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/BF00127087 · DOI
- 10.1063/1.881299 · DOI · Paper page
- R Dawkins The Selfish Gene (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1976).
- D Deutsch The Fabric of Reality (Penguin, New York), pp. 179 (1997).
- 10.1038/225563a0 · DOI · Paper page
- J Maynard Smith On Evolution (Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh), pp. 92–99 (1972).
- 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90165-8 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1137/1104033 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1038/37108 · DOI · Paper page
- R E Lenski Population Genetics of Bacteria, Society for General Microbiology, Symposium 52, eds S Baumberg, J P W Young, S R Saunders, E M H Wellington (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 193–215 (1995).
- 10.1086/285289 · DOI · Paper page
- S F Elena, V S Cooper, R E Lenski Nature (London) 387, 703–705 (1996).
- 10.1016/0027-5107(64)90047-8 · DOI · Paper page
- C Ofria, C T Brown, C Adami Introduction to Artificial Life, ed C Adami (Springer, New York), pp. 297–350 (1998).
Cited by
Lehman, J., Clune, J., Misevic, D., Adami, C., Altenberg, L., Beaulieu, J., Bentley, P. J., Bernard, S., Beslon, G., Bryson, D. M., et al. (2020) · Artificial Life · doi:10.1162/artl_a_00319 · Cited by 181
Self-citationModular Assembly of Genes and the Evolution of New Functions
Patthy, L. (2003) · Genetica · doi:10.1023/a:1024182432483 · Cited by 166
Coevolution Drives the Emergence of Complex Traits and Promotes Evolvability
Zaman, L., Meyer, J. R., Devangam, S., Bryson, D. M., Lenski, R. E., & Ofria, C. (2014) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002023 · Cited by 115
Self-citationAlbantakis, L., Hintze, A., Koch, C., Adami, C., & Tononi, G. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003966 · Cited by 101
The biology of digital organisms
Wilke, C. O., & Adami, C. (2002) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02612-5 · Cited by 103
Self-citationEnabling Precision Cardiology Through Multiscale Biology and Systems Medicine
Johnson, K. W., Shameer, K., Glicksberg, B. S., Readhead, B., Sengupta, P. P., Björkegren, J. L. M., Kovacic, J. C., & Dudley, J. T. (2017) · JACC: Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.11.010 · Cited by 83
Clune, J. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.10985 · Cited by 82
Prebiotically plausible mechanisms increase compositional diversity of nucleic acid sequences
Derr, J., Manapat, M. L., Rajamani, S., Leu, K., Xulvi-Brunet, R., Joseph, I., Nowak, M. A., & Chen, I. A. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks065 · Cited by 74
Westphal, R. E., & O'Malley, D. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2013.00108 · Cited by 58
Dorn, E. D., Nealson, K. H., & Adami, C. (2011) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-011-9429-4 · Cited by 52
Self-citationThe Statistical Trends of Protein Evolution: A Lesson from AlphaFold Database
Tang, Q.-Y., Ren, W., Wang, J., & Kaneko, K. (2022) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msac197 · Cited by 31
Bacterial sensor evolved by decreasing complexity
Monteagudo-Cascales, E., Gavira, J. A., Xing, J., Velando, F., Matilla, M. A., Zhulin, I. B., & Krell, T. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2409881122 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Adami, C., Ofria, C., & Collier, T. C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2000-04-25
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4463-4468
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2162170584
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
