Hippocampal amnesia
Abstract
This article reviews 147 cases of amnesia following damage including the hippocampus or fornix as reported in 179 publications. The aetiology, mnestic abilities and reference(s) are tabulated for each case. Consistent findings across cases include the association of bilateral hippocampal damage with a deficit in anterograde episodic memory combined with spared procedural and working memory. The limited nature of retrograde amnesia following lesions to the fornix is also noted. Less consistent and thus more controversial findings, include effects of lesion size or laterality, deficits in semantic memory or familiarity-based recognition and the extent of retrograde amnesia. The evidence concerning these issues is reviewed across cases.
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Both retrosplenial damage and hippocampal damage can cause anterograde amnesia.
“This outcome is to be expected as both retrosplenial damage and hippocampal damage can cause anterograde amnesia (Spiers et al., 2001; Valenstein et al., 1987; Vann et al., 2009)”
From The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction (2018) · cites this paper as Spiers et al., 2001
Prior neuropsychological research has consistently indicated the dominance of the right hemisphere in processing spatial information.
“Prior neuropsychological research has consistently indicated the dominance of the right hemisphere in processing spatial information (Spiers et al. 2001; Burgess et al. 2001, 2002)”
From Hippocampal and Retrosplenial Goal Distance Coding After Long-term Consolidation of a Real-World Environment (2019) · cites this paper as Spiers et al. 2001
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Neural Precursors of Delayed Insight
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Sormaz, M., Jefferies, E., Bernhardt, B. C., Karapanagiotidis, T., Mollo, G., Bernasconi, N., Bernasconi, A., Hartley, T., & Smallwood, J. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.071 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In humans, the hippocampus is important for this process: patients with hippocampal lesions show amnesia (e.g. Scoville and Milner, 1957; Spiers et al., 2001) and neuroimaging investigations highlight the hippocampus as important in recollection (for a review see Rugg and Vilberg (2013)).”
BackgroundViard, A., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., & Piolino, P. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.05.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Material-specific lateralization of working memory in the medial temporal lobe
Wagner, D. D., Sziklas, V., Garver, K. E., & Jones‐Gotman, M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The role of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus in human memory processing
Sweeney‐Reed, C. M., Buentjen, L., Voges, J., Schmitt, F. C., Zaehle, T., Kam, J. W. Y., Kaufmann, J., Heinze, H., Hinrichs, H., Knight, R. T., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.046 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Remembering Preservation in Hippocampal Amnesia
Clark, I. A., & Maguire, E. A. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033739 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In the decades since the case of HM was first reported there has been a wealth of studies investigating patients with damage to the MTL, including those with focal lesions to the hippocampi (reviewed in Spiers et al. 2001, Winocur & Moscovitch 2011).”
Self-citationDecoding information in the human hippocampus: A user's guide
Chadwick, M. J., Bonnici, H. M., & Maguire, E. A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“In addition to its role representing space and in navigation, the hippocampus is also crucial for episodic/autobiographical memory (Scoville & Milner, 1957; Mayes, 1988; Spiers et al., 2001; Mayes & Montaldi, 2001; Mayes & Roberts, 2001; Mayes, 2008; Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCluster of an Unusual Amnestic Syndrome — Massachusetts, 2012–2016
Barash, J. A., Somerville, N., & DeMaria, A. (2017) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6603a2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The retrieval of perceptual memory details depends on right hippocampal integrity and activation
St‐Laurent, M., Moscovitch, M., & McAndrews, M. P. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.010 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
No evidence that ‘fast-mapping’ benefits novel learning in healthy Older adults
Greve, A., Cooper, E., & Henson, R. N. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…the ability to rapidly encode new associations between two items, such as the name of a novel object; a key feature of declarative, relational and recollective memory theories (Rempel-Clower, Zola, Squire, & Amaral, 1996; Spiers, Maguire, & Burgess, 2001; Zola- Morgan, Squire, & Amaral, 1986).”
Time to retire the serial Papez circuit: Implications for space, memory, and attention
Aggleton, J. P., Nelson, A. J. D., & O’Mara, S. M. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104813 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The importance of the hippocampus for episodic memory has been confirmed by its necessary involvement in temporal lobe amnesia (e.g., Scoville and Milner, 1957; Rempel-Clower et al., 1996; Spiers et al., 2001; Clark and Squire, 2010; Lad et al., 2019).”
BackgroundImpaired memory for scenes but not faces in developmental hippocampal amnesia: a case study.
Bird, C., Vargha-Khadem, F., & Burgess, N. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal and diencephalic pathology in developmental amnesia
Dzieciol, A. M., Bachevalier, J., Saleem, K. S., Gadian, D. G., Saunders, R. C., Chong, W. K., Banks, T., Mishkin, M., & Vargha‐Khadem, F. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Frost, B. E., Martin, S. K., Cafalchio, M., Islam, M. N., Aggleton, J. P., & O’Mara, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2868-20.2021 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Bilateral hippocampal formation lesions are the principal cause of the severe and enduring “temporal lobe amnesic” syndrome (Spiers et al., 2001; Aggleton and Morris, 2018).”
BackgroundSpatial memory and the avian hippocampus: Research in zebra finches
Mayer, U., Watanabe, S., & Bischof, H. (2012) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2012.05.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Very similar effects were observed in all lobectomy patients with selective removal of the hippocampus and the adjacent temporal lobe tissue (Spiers et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBerna, F. S., Schönknecht, P., Seidl, U., Toro, P., & Schröder, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dreaming with hippocampal damage
Spanò, G., Pizzamiglio, G., McCormick, C., Clark, I. A., De Felice, S., Miller, T. D., Edgin, J. O., Rosenthal, C. R., & Maguire, E. A. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56211 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Bilateral damage to a brain structure called the hippocampus is known to adversely affect memory processing (Miller et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2020; Scoville and Milner, 1957; Spiers et al., 2001) and daydreaming (McCormick et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmpirical evidence and the knowledge-that/knowledge-how distinction
Adams, M. P. (2008) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-008-9349-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hippocampal dysfunction during free word association in male patients with schizophrenia
Kircher, T. T. J., Whitney, C., Krings, T., Huber, W., & Weis, S. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Verbal Paired Associates and the Hippocampus: The Role of Scenes
Clark, I. A., kim, M.-S., & Maguire, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01315 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…patients with hippocampal amnesia show a consistent and reliable deficit on delayed cued recall tests (Giovanello, Verfaellie, & Keane, 2003; Spiers, Maguire, & Burgess, 2001; Zola-Morgan, Squire, & Amaral, 1986; Graf & Schacter, 1985), and consequently, the VPA has become emblematic of…”
Self-citationLefebvre, S., Dricot, L., Gradkowski, W., Laloux, P., & Vandermeeren, Y. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.052 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yu, L., Wang, X., Zhao, M., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Li, F.-Q., Wang, X., Xue, Y.-X., & Lü, L. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1450-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…involved in motivational circuitry, especially the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala (Hyman et al. 2006; White 1996), whereas spatial memory and object recognition memory critically requires the hippocampus (Bird and Burgess 2008; Eichenbaum et al. 2007; Spiers et al. 2001).”
Has multiple trace theory been refuted?
Sutherland, R. J., Lee, J. Q., McDonald, R. J., & Lehmann, H. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23162 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spiers, H. J., Maguire, E. A., & Burgess, N.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Neurocase
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 357-382
- ISSN
- 1355-4794 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3656
- OpenAlex
- W4250877397
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurocase (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Research Councils UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- hippocampal amnesia, fornix lesions, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, episodic memory, procedural memory, working memory, semantic memory, familiarity-based recognition, lesion size, hemispheric lateralization, case series
- MeSH terms
- Amnesia, Amnesia, Retrograde, Brain Mapping, Hippocampus, Humans, Mental Recall, Entorhinal Cortex, Fornix, Brain
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