Memory for events and their spatial context: models and experiments
Open accessAbstract
The computational role of the hippocampus in memory has been characterized as: (i) an index to disparate neocortical storage sites; (ii) a time-limited store supporting neocortical long-term memory; and (iii) a content-addressable associative memory. These ideas are reviewed and related to several general aspects of episodic memory, including the differences between episodic, recognition and semantic memory, and whether hippocampal lesions differentially affect recent or remote memories. Some outstanding questions remain, such as: what characterizes episodic retrieval as opposed to other forms of read-out from memory; what triggers the storage of an event memory; and what are the neural mechanisms involved? To address these questions a neural-level model of the medial temporal and parietal roles in retrieval of the spatial context of an event is presented. This model combines the idea that retrieval of the rich context of real-life events is a central characteristic of episodic memory, and the idea that medial temporal allocentric representations are used in long-term storage while parietal egocentric representations are used to imagine, manipulate and re-experience the products of retrieval. The model is consistent with the known neural representation of spatial information in the brain, and provides an explanation for the involvement of Papez's circuit in both the representation of heading direction and in the recollection of episodic information. Two experiments relating to the model are briefly described. A functional neuroimaging study of memory for the spatial context of life-like events in virtual reality provides support for the model's functional localization. A neuropsychological experiment suggests that the hippocampus does store an allocentric representation of spatial locations.
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Hippocampal-damaged patients' descriptions were fragmented, lacked a coherent spatial context, and were significantly less rich, suggesting the hippocampus plays a critical role in integrating disparate elements of a scene into a coherent whole.
“Their descriptions were fragmented, lacked a coherent spatial context, and were significantly less rich suggesting that the hippocampus plays a critical role in integrating the disparate elements of a scene into a coherent whole (O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978; Burgess et al., 2001; Eichenbaum, 2004; Moscovitch et al., 2005; Hassabis et al., 2007; Hassabis and Maguire, 2007).”
From Using Imagination to Understand the Neural Basis of Episodic Memory (2007) · cites this paper as Burgess et al., 2001
The virtual 3D scenes with congruent multisensory bodily information approach real-life experience more than classical virtual computer game tasks used for EM investigations.
“Using the present naturalistic and controlled VR setup, we ensured that our participants experienced virtual 3D scenes with congruent multisensory bodily information (visual, motor, vestibular); these approach real-life experience as compared to classical virtual computer game tasks that have been used for EM investigations in the past [106,107].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [106]
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Manns, J. R., Galloway, C. R., & Sederberg, P. B. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0871-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Burgess, N., Becker, S., King, J. A., & O'Keefe, J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Burgess, Neil
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2001-09-29
- Volume
- 356
- Issue
- 1413
- Pages
- 1493-1503
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- OpenAlex
- W1971765679
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 0.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Keywords
- hippocampus, episodic memory, spatial context, allocentric spatial representation, egocentric representation, medial temporal lobe, parietal cortex, Papez circuit, memory retrieval, virtual reality, hippocampal lesions, recollection, heading direction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hippocampus, Humans, Models, Neurological, Mental Recall, Space Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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