The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a cautionary statement regarding the pervasive use and abuse of p-values in reporting research results based on the frequentist approach [26].”
BackgroundDelaney, S., Xerxa, Y., Muetzel, R. L., White, T. J. H., Haneuse, S., Ressler, K. J., Tiemeier, H. W., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001404 · Cited by 3
“…consistent with guidance provided by the American Statistical Association based on effect magnitudes, effect directions, and 95% confidence intervals in lieu of binary indicators of statistical significance, though we provide p values as an inter-pretive heuristic (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
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“As recommended by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we abstained from using bright-line rules such as claims of “statistical significance” when p .05.”
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“28,29 The results from the REPEAT analysis fall precisely in this category.”
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“By definition [18], the p-value can be interpreted as the probability of obtaining a more extreme (lower) statistic than the observed, assuming H0 is true.”
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“Whilst p values are provided in the results, we advise that these not be used as a sole basis for interpretation, as recommended by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Seeley, R. H., Hardy, S. W., Prentiss, N. K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2023.151984 · Cited by 4
Driver’s Licensure and Driving Outcomes Among Youths With Mood Disorders
Gaw, C. E., Metzger, K. B., Pfeiffer, M. R., Yerys, B. E., Boyd, R. C., Corwin, D. J., & Curry, A. E. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5543 · Cited by 4
Kelly, N. K., Ranapurwala, S. I., Pence, B. W., Hightow‐Weidman, L., Slaughter‐Acey, J., French, A. L., Hosek, S., & Pettifor, A. E. (2024) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003926 · Cited by 5
Environmental Phenols and Growth in Infancy: The Infant Feeding and Early Development Study
Stevens, D. R., Goldberg, M., Adgent, M. A., Chin, H. B., Baird, D. D., Stallings, V. A., Sandler, D. P., Calafat, A. M., Ford, E. G., Zemel, B. S., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae307 · Cited by 4
McKenzie, L. M., Allshouse, W. B., Abrahams, B., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Epidemiology · doi:10.3389/fepid.2024.1379271 · Cited by 4
“We considered the direction and magnitude of individual HRs and overarching trends, based on American Statistical Association guidance (57), in both analyses.”
Persistence of pesticide residues in weathered avian droppings
Vyas, N. B., Henry, P. F. P., Binkowski, Ł. J., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119475 · Cited by 4
Investigating the Performance of Frequentist and Bayesian Techniques in Genomic Evaluation
Sahebalam, H., Gholizadeh, M., & Hafezian, H. (2024) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10528-024-10842-1 · Cited by 5
Best, A. M., Lang, T. A., Greenberg, B. L., Gunsolley, J. C., & Ioannidou, E. (2024) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2024.06.174 · Cited by 4
Addressing researcher degrees of freedom through minP adjustment
Mandl, M. M., Becker-Pennrich, A., Hinske, L. C., Hoffmann, S., & Boulesteix, A. (2024) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02279-2 · Cited by 7
“…may lead to an increased rate of overoptimistic results, e.g.—depend-ing on the context—false positive test results and inflation of effect sizes [3–5], or, beyond the context of testing and effect estimation, to exaggerated measures of predictive performance [6] or clustering validity [7].”
BackgroundConstruction safety challenges and opportunities at design stage for building industry
Murtaza, I., Rashid, M. U., & Asad, M. (2024) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management Procurement and Law · doi:10.1680/jmapl.23.00010 · Cited by 4
Pereyra, V. M., Hefley, T. J., Prasad, P. V. V., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35054 · Cited by 4
“Following guidance from the American Statistical Association regarding the use of p-values [29], our statistical modeling aimed not to test for ‘statistical significance ’ , but rather to quantify the effect size and our uncertainty around those estimates.”
MethodThe hiring of older workers: evidence from Germany
Busch, F., Fenge, R., & Ochsen, C. (2024) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-024-02637-5 · Cited by 4
“For a discussion of the misinterpretation of p-value, see, for example, Wasserstein and Lazar (2016).”
Humann‐Guilleminot, S., Binkowski, Ł. J., & Helfenstein, F. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119894 · Cited by 4
Arnholdt‐Schmitt, B., Noceda, C., Germano, T. A., et al. (2024) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-024-03327-3 · Cited by 4
“Readers are encouraged to make themselves familiar with the current paradigm change related to the use of statistical significance (Hirschauer and Becker 2020; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; Wasserstein et al. 2019; Haff et al. 2019; National Academy of Sciences).”
Rasch, A., Flannagan, C. A. C., & Dozza, M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3454768 · Cited by 4
“This is useful because we are interested in inferences about the parameters but can eliminate reliance on p-values associated with predictors [64].”
BackgroundPuyana‐Romero, V., Díaz-Márquez, A. M., Garzón, C., & Ciaburro, G. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15010084 · Cited by 6
Puyana‐Romero, V., Díaz-Márquez, A. M., Garzón, C., & Ciaburro, G. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15010093 · Cited by 6
Wolf, B. (2025) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2024.2427762 · Cited by 5
Rojas‐Saunero, L. P., Zhou, Y., Hayes‐Larson, E., Wu, Y., Mobley, T. M., Nianogo, R. A., Elser, H. C., Gee, G. C., Brookmeyer, R., Whitmer, R. A., et al. (2025) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000213488 · Cited by 4
Valiela, I., Chenoweth, K., & Day, J. W. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179198 · Cited by 4
Temesgen, A., Wudenah, A., & Adimasu, S. (2025) · Advances in Agriculture · doi:10.1155/aia/4108826 · Cited by 4
Efficacy and safety of cancer vaccine therapy in malignant melanoma: a systematic review
Seta, T., Nakamura, S., Oura, M., Yokoyama, K., Nishikawa, Y., Hoshino, N., Ninomiya, K., Shimoi, T., Hotta, K., & Nakayama, T. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-025-02753-x · Cited by 5
“Rather than solely emphasizing the presence or absence of significant differences, it is preferable to include specific risk ratios and point estimates or confidence intervals for risk differences [52, 53].”
Zhao, M., Gu, S., Liu, T., Gao, S., Qiao, Z., Wang, K., Niu, Q., Ma, R., Guo, H., Guo, S., et al. (2025) · Cardiovascular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s12012-025-10009-3 · Cited by 5
“Nevertheless, in accordance with American Statistical Association (ASA) [46] guidelines, the highest quartiles of Cs and U were associated with a 25% and 5% increase in CVD prevalence compared to the lowest quartiles, respectively, this may hold public health implication.”
Saxena, M., Sharma, A. K., & Singh, M. (2025) · Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40430-025-05681-z · Cited by 5
“In hypothesis testing, the general convention is to reject the null hypothesis (the hypothesis that the means of the two groups are equal) if the p-value is less than the chosen significance level, typically 0.05 or 0.01 [48].”
InfluentialParenting styles and preschool children's development: from network analysis perspective
Han, J., & Yan, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1624317 · Cited by 15
Improving randomness characterization through Bayesian model selection
Rojas, R. D. H., Solís, A., Angulo, A., U’Ren, A. B., Hirsch, J. G., Matteo Marsili, A., & Castillo, I. P. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03185-y · Cited by 4
“Even though it constitutes an easily applicable procedure, recent findings show that its reliance on P -values is a drawback 5,6 , while its lack of formality is a major disadvantage.”
BackgroundLas pruebas de significación estadística: seis décadas de fuegos artificiales
Pública, E. N. D. S., & Ayçaguer, L. C. S. (2016) · Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública · doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.v34n3a11 · Cited by 4
At the Crossroads: Lessons and Challenges in Computational Social Science
Borge-Holthoefer, J., Moreno, Y., & Yasseri, T. (2016) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88945-021-3 · Cited by 4
A patient called Medical Research
Fürst, T., & Strojil, J. (2017) · Biomedical Papers · doi:10.5507/bp.2017.005 · Cited by 3
Recommendations on the use and nonuse of the p value in biomedical research
McCarren, M., Hampp, C., Gerhard, T., & Mehta, S. (2017) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp160443 · Cited by 4
On P values and effect modification
Mayer, M. G. (2017) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000121 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of Two Approaches to Defining Extinction Risk under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Thompson, G. G., Maguire, L. A., & Regan, T. J. (2018) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12927 · Cited by 4
Single-subject Prediction: A Statistical Paradigm for Precision Psychiatry
Bzdok, D., & Karrer, T. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59797-9_19 · Cited by 4
Han, K., & Jung, I. (2018) · Archives of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.5999/aps.2018.00010 · Cited by 4
“As argued by Wasserstein and Lazar [13], statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
BackgroundMeyer, C. L., Fuller, K., Scott, J., & Vassar, M. B. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4995 · Cited by 4
Qian, S. S., & Cuffney, T. F. (2018) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6793-1 · Cited by 4
Recognizing that Evidence is Made, not Born
Lim, R. R., Lee, D. K., Sabourin, P., Ferguson, J., Metcalf, M. A., Smith, M. Y., Corriol‐Rohou, S., Eichler, H., Lumpkin, M., Hirsch, G., et al. (2018) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.1317 · Cited by 5
Lopata, C. J., Donnelly, J. P., Rodgers, J. D., & Thomeer, M. L. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.11.008 · Cited by 4
Drumheller, B. C., Basel, A. P., Adnan, S. M., et al. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13049-018-0574-2 · Cited by 4
The Effect of an HIV Self-Management Intervention on Neurocognitive Behavioral Processing
Webel, A. R., Schreiner, N., Salata, R. A., Friedman, J. P., Jack, A. I., Sattar, A., Fresco, D. M., Rodriguez, M., & Moore, S. M. (2019) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945918823347 · Cited by 4
“This decision is consistent with the 2016 American Statistical Association Statement on Statistical Significance and p values, with an emphasis on cautiously interpreting findings within the overall context (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
Rigor in science and science reporting: updated guidelines for submissions to Molecular Autism
Buxbaum, J. D., Baron‐Cohen, S., Anagnostou, E. A., Ashwin, C., Betancur, C., Chakrabarti, B., Crawley, J. N., Hoekstra, R. A., Hof, P. R., Lai, M., et al. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0249-x · Cited by 4
“of papers have recently addressed possible solutions to the issues of P values ([9], together with over 20”
BackgroundPanel Data Models for Pavement Friction of Major Preventive Maintenance Treatments
Zhan, Y. J., Li, Q., Yang, G., Pittenger, D. M., Wang, K. C. P., & Zaman, M. (2019) · International Journal of Geomechanics · doi:10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001445 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of the legibility of the on-screen contents of in-vehicle transparent displays
Lee, S.-E., Sim, M.-S., Yang, C.-M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Information Display · doi:10.1080/15980316.2019.1623332 · Cited by 4
Pemahaman Peneliti Psikologi mengenai Besaran Sampel: Data dan Simulasi
Wiradhany, W., Adiasto, K., Yulianto, J. E., & Kiling, I. Y. (2019) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.22146/jpsi.24260 · Cited by 8
Lu, J., & Wen, C. (2019) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.201900386 · Cited by 4
Complex visual analysis of ecologically relevant signals in Siamese fighting fish
Neri, P. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01313-x · Cited by 3
Transforming the Interpretation of Significance in Heart Failure Trials
Khan, M. S., Irfan, S., Khan, S. U., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.1668 · Cited by 4
Toward Replicability With Confidence Intervals for the Exceedance Probability
Segal, B. D. (2019) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2019.1678521 · Cited by 6
“This prompted the ASA to release a statement providing guidance on the proper interpretation and use of p-values (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), as well as a follow-up in which several authors provided additional perspectives and proposal for “moving to a world beyond ‘p < 0.”
MethodInfluentialRegression Modeling and Prediction by Individual Observations versus Frequency
Lipovetsky, S. (2020) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1556669100 · Cited by 4
“For a sample of several hundred and more observations, practically any test would have a very small p-value which indicates a significant difference in the compared values (Goodman, 2008; Berdie, 2012; Robertson & Kaptein, 2016; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Johnson et al., 2017).”
ResultLee, E. M. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology · doi:10.1144/qjegh2019-169 · Cited by 4
Redefining the Critical Value of Significance Level (0.005 instead of 0.05): The Bayes Trace
Rubanovich, A. V. (2019) · Biology Bulletin · doi:10.1134/s1062359019110086 · Cited by 4
Watt, H. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa080 · Cited by 6
Ow, N., Mate, K., Hum, S., & Mayo, N. E. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102418 · Cited by 4
Kinney, A. R., Middleton, A., & Graham, J. E. (2020) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2020.07.008 · Cited by 5
Bayesian Evaluation of Smartphone Applications for Forest Inventories in Small Forest Holdings
Ficko, A. (2020) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f11111148 · Cited by 4
“The bound 1/(−e p ln(p)), also called the Benjamin and Berger bound [30,31], is derived from the shape of the p-value distribution when p < 1/e.”
BackgroundUsing COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Data to Teach One-Sample Hypothesis Testing
Wang, F. (2021) · Numeracy · doi:10.5038/1936-4660.14.1.1383 · Cited by 4
Bayes Factors Based on p-Values and Sets of Priors With Restricted Strength
Kline, B. (2021) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2021.1877815 · Cited by 4
“The use of p-values is currently subject to important discussion, as in Wasserstein and Lazar (2016).”
MethodMcCray, C. D., Gyakum, J. R., & Atallah, E. H. (2021) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/mwr-d-20-0306.1 · Cited by 4
Gwise, T. E., Rothmann, M. D., Hung, H., et al. (2021) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2021.1886164 · Cited by 4
Matre, Å. O., Parys, A. V., Olsén, T., Haugsgjerd, T. R., Baravelli, C. M., Nygard, O. K., Dierkes, J., & Lysne, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.642612 · Cited by 4
“In line with the most recent statement from the American Statistical Association on p-values (23), we decided not to dichotomize the results based on p-value cutoffs.”
Interpreting Results from Epidemiologic Studies
Deal, J. A., Betz, J., Lin, F. R., et al. (2021) · Seminars in Hearing · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1725996 · Cited by 4
“For all of these reasons, the p-value, although useful, should not be the sole basis for scientific inference.(9) It is important to note that the validity of our inference from statistical models, including p-values and confidence intervals, relies on the validity our model assumptions.”
BackgroundTransmission Efficiency Analysis of High-Efficiency Constant Velocity Joint
Yu, X., Hou, Q., Zhen, R., et al. (2021) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2021-01-0705 · Cited by 4
Lee, W. J., Pyo, J., Jang, S. G., et al. (2021) · Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Research · doi:10.52937/hira.21.1.1.64 · Cited by 4
Understanding Statistical Significance and Avoiding Common Pitfalls
Robinson, R., & Haviland, J. (2021) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2021.06.008 · Cited by 4
Replication of Quasi-Experimental Population Studies: Motivation and Guidance
Cready, W. M. (2021) · The International Journal of Accounting · doi:10.1142/s1094406021500128 · Cited by 4
A Bayesian test for seasonality in medical data
Marrero, O. (2021) · International Journal of Biomathematics · doi:10.1142/s1793524521500856 · Cited by 4
Saijai, W., Maneejuk, P., & Sriboonchitta, S. (2021) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77094-5_40 · Cited by 4
Misleading medical literature: An observational study
Olaussen, A., Abetz, J. W., Qin, K. R., Mitra, B., & O’Reilly, G. M. (2021) · Emergency Medicine Australasia · doi:10.1111/1742-6723.13831 · Cited by 4
Vieland, V. J., & Seok, S.-C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257164 · Cited by 4
“The p-value is not a measure of evidence strength [25], rather, it is considered significant when it crosses some preselected threshold.”
BackgroundSUDEP‐7 Inventory: Validation in a retrospective cohort study
Kerr, W. T., Markovic, D., & DeGiorgio, C. M. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17070 · Cited by 4
Fitting Percentage of Body Fat to Simple Body Measurements: College Women
Johnson, R. W. (2021) · Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education · doi:10.1080/26939169.2021.1971585 · Cited by 4
“The use of p-values has come under greater scrutiny over the last few years (e.g., Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodSchnitzer, T. J., Berenbaum, F., Conaghan, P. G., et al. (2021) · Rheumatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40744-021-00372-2 · Cited by 4
“A statistically significant improvement compared with placebo needs to be accompanied by clinical relevance [8], such that the magnitude of the improvement meets a validated, clinically meaningful threshold.”
BackgroundTodd, J., Agley, J. D., Hutchins, M., Nesser, W., Ferng, S., & Parker, E. S. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20220215-02 · Cited by 4
Chaparro, E. A., Smolkowski, K., Gunn, B., Dennis, C., & Vadasy, P. F. (2022) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2022.2045993 · Cited by 7
“In response to the recommendations of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein, Schirm, & Lazar, 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we abstained from using hard cutoffs and claims of “statistical significance” when p < .05 or for other metrics (e.g., effect sizes).”
BackgroundMethodSchindl, M., Zipko, H. T., & Bethge, M. (2022) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05208-w · Cited by 4
“Hypothesis tests (Kruskal–Wallis H test or Fisher’s exact test) were calculated to support the assumptions of the overall similarity of replicated findings, since p-values are not capable of measuring effect sizes or remarkable associations [27].”
MethodChallenges in Interpreting Obstetrics and Gynecology Literature
Bruno, A. M., & Blue, N. R. (2022) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000707 · Cited by 4
Unanswered Questions in the p-value Debate
Hirschauer, N. (2022) · Significance · doi:10.1111/1740-9713.01655 · Cited by 4
Bickel, D. R. (2022) · International Journal of Approximate Reasoning · doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2022.12.005 · Cited by 4
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) responded to growing unrest over the inability to replicate findings reported in the scientific literature, putting much of the blame on the misinter-pretation of p -values [57].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialToward a New Epistemology for Medical Science
Henderson, D. D. (2022) · Family Medicine · doi:10.22454/fammed.2022.472998 · Cited by 4
Estudios de replicación, pre-registros y ciencia abierta en Psicología
García‐Garzón, E., Lecuona, O. Z., & Carbajal, G. V. (2018) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/ap.v36i1-2.713 · Cited by 5
The proxy of Dorian Gray: scientific realism, construct validation and the way forward
Rigdon, E. E. (2022) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-05-2021-0319 · Cited by 4
Basic Psychological Needs and Agency and Communion During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Korlat, S., Reiter, J., Kollmayer, M., Holzer, J., Pelikan, E. R., Schober, B., Spiel, C., & Lüftenegger, M. (2022) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000378 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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